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Civilians who engage in hostilities thereby forfeit the corresponding protections ofcivilian status and may be liable to treatment in one or more respects as unprivilegedbelligerents. 2004.8.3 Civilians – Detention. In general, civilians may be subject to non-violent measuresthat are justified by military necessity, such as searches, or temporary detention. 201 Belligerentsor Occupying Powers may take necessary security measures in relation to civilians, includinginternment or assigned residence for imperative reasons of security. 202Enemy civilians who are interned during international armed conflict or occupationgenerally are classified as “protected persons” under the GC and receive a variety ofprotections. 203 Chapter X addresses in detail the required treatment of enemy civilian interneesduring international armed conflict and occupation. In all circumstances, detained civilians mustbe treated humanely. 204 Special categories of civilians, such as children, may require additionalconsideration during detention. 2054.8.4 Civilians – Legal Liability Under an Enemy State’s Domestic Law. Unlikecombatants, civilians lack the combatant’s privilege excepting them from the domestic law of theenemy State. Civilians who engage in hostilities may, after a fair trial, be punished by anopposing State. 206A State that is an Occupying Power has additional authorities over enemy civilians thatextend beyond the ability to punish their unauthorized participation in hostilities. 207Note, however, the special cases of persons authorized to accompany the armed forces, 208members of the merchant marine and civil aircraft, 209 and participants in a levée en masse. 2104.9 MILITARY MEDICAL AND RELIGIOUS PERSONNEL“Medical personnel exclusively engaged in the search for, or the collection, transport ortreatment of the wounded or sick, or in the prevention of disease, staff exclusively engaged in theadministration of medical units and establishments, as well as chaplains attached to the armed200 Refer to § 4.18 (Private Persons Who Engage in Hostilities).201 Refer to § 5.3.2.1 (Non-Violent Measures That Are Militarily Necessary).202 Refer to § 10.6 (Measures of Control and Security).203 Refer to § 10.3 (Protected Person Status).204 Refer to § 10.5 (Humane Treatment and Other Basic Protections for Protected Persons).205 Refer to § 4.20 (Children).206 Refer to § 4.18.3 (Private Persons Who Engage in Hostilities – Lack of the Privileges of Combatant Status).207 Refer to § 11.7 (Authority of the Occupying Power Over Inhabitants).208 Refer to § 4.15.4 (Persons Authorized to Accompany the Armed Forces – Liability Under Domestic Law forParticipation in Hostilities).209 Refer to § 4.16 (Crews of Merchant Marine Vessels or Civil Aircraft).210 Refer to § 4.7 (Levée en Masse).129