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effects of minefields, mined areas, mines, booby-traps, and other devices. Such obligations mayapply with respect to:• Any United Nations force or mission performing peace-keeping, observation, or similarfunctions in any area in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations; or• Any of the following, if they have the consent of the State in whose territory they areoperating: 323o missions established pursuant to Chapter VIII of the Charter of the United Nationsand performing its functions in the area of a conflict;o humanitarian or fact-finding missions of the United Nations System;o missions of the ICRC;o humanitarian missions of a national Red Cross or Red Crescent Society or of theirInternational Federation; ando missions of inquiry established pursuant to the provisions of the GenevaConventions of 12 August 1949 and, where applicable, their Additional Protocols.The obligations to take affirmative measures under Article 12 are subject to practicalconsiderations. 324 In addition, the forces and missions that are afforded protection under Article12 have corresponding obligations to keep information confidential, to respect applicable laws323 CCW AMENDED MINES PROTOCOL art. 12(a) (“With the exception of the forces and missions referred to in subparagraph2(a) (i) of this Article, this Article applies only to missions which are performing functions in an area withthe consent of the High Contracting Party on whose territory the functions are performed.”).324 CCW AMENDED MINES PROTOCOL art. 12(2)(b) (“Each High Contracting Party or party to a conflict, if sorequested by the head of a force or mission to which this paragraph applies, shall: (i) so far as it is able, take suchmeasures as are necessary to protect the force or mission from the effects of mines, booby-traps and other devices inany area under its control; (ii) if necessary in order effectively to protect such personnel, remove or render harmless,so far as it is able, all mines, booby-traps and other devices in that area; and (iii) inform the head of the force ormission of the location of all known minefields, mined areas, mines, booby-traps and other devices in the area inwhich the force or mission is performing its functions and, so far as is feasible, make available to the head of theforce or mission all information in its possession concerning such minefields, mined areas, mines, booby-traps andother devices.”) (emphasis added); CCW AMENDED MINES PROTOCOL art. 12(3)(b) (“Each High Contracting Partyor party to a conflict, if so requested by the head of a mission to which this paragraph applies, shall: (i) provide thepersonnel of the mission with the protections set out in sub-paragraph 2(b) (i) of this Article; and (ii) if access to orthrough any place under its control is necessary for the performance of the mission’s functions and in order toprovide the personnel of the mission with safe passage to or through that place: (aa) unless on-going hostilitiesprevent, inform the head of the mission of a safe route to that place if such information is available; or (bb) ifinformation identifying a safe route is not provided in accordance with sub-paragraph (aa), so far as is necessary andfeasible, clear a lane through minefields.”) (emphasis added); CCW Amended Mines Protocol art. 12(5)(b) (“EachHigh Contracting Party or party to a conflict, if so requested by the head of a mission to which this paragraphapplies, shall, so far as is feasible: (i) provide the personnel of the mission with the protections set out in subparagraph2(b) (i) of this Article, and (ii) take the measures set out in sub-paragraph 3(b) (ii) of this Article.”)(emphasis added).375