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13.11.3.4 Recording of Minefield Locations. The location of minefields must becarefully recorded to ensure accurate notification and to facilitate subsequent removal and/ordeactivation. 202 13.11.3.5 Restrictions on Where Naval Mines May Be Placed. Mines may not beemplaced by belligerents in neutral waters. 203Naval mines may be employed to channelize neutral shipping, but not in a manner todeny transit passage of international straits or archipelagic sea lanes passage of archipelagicwaters by such shipping. 204Mining of areas of indefinite extent in international waters is prohibited. Reasonablylimited barred areas may be established by naval mines, provided neutral shipping retains analternate route around or through such an area with reasonable assurance of safety. 20513.11.3.6 Prohibition Against Mining Off Enemy Coasts and Ports Solely toIntercept Commercial Shipping. Naval mines may not be emplaced off the coasts and ports ofthe enemy with the sole objective of intercepting commercial shipping. 206 Mining for someother purpose would not violate this rule. 207 For example, mines may otherwise be used in thestrategic blockade of enemy ports, coasts, and waterways, even if commercial shipping isincidentally affected. 208202 2007 NWP 1-14M 9.2.3 (“The location of minefields must be carefully recorded to ensure accurate notificationand to facilitate subsequent removal and/or deactivation.”); 1997 NWP 9 9.2.3 (same); 1989 NWP 9 9.2.3 (same).203 2007 NWP 1-14M 9.2.3 (“Mines may not be emplaced by belligerents in neutral waters.”). Refer to § 15.7(Neutral Waters).204 2007 NWP 1-14M 9.2.3 (“Naval mines may be employed to channelize neutral shipping, but not in a manner todeny transit passage of international straits or archipelagic sea lanes passage of archipelagic waters by suchshipping.”); 1997 NWP 9 9.2.3 (same); 1989 NWP 9 9.2.3 (“Naval mines may be employed to channelize neutralshipping, but not in a manner to impede the transit passage of international straits or archipelagic sea lanes passageof archipelagic waters by such shipping.”).205 2007 NWP 1-14M 9.2.3 (“Mining of areas of indefinite extent in international waters is prohibited. Reasonablylimited barred areas may be established by naval mines, provided neutral shipping retains an alternate route aroundor through such an area with reasonable assurance of safety.”); 1997 NWP 9 9.2.3 (same); 1989 NWP 9 9.2.3(same).206 HAGUE VIII art. 2 (“It is forbidden to lay automatic contact mines off the coast and ports of the enemy, with thesole object of intercepting commercial shipping.”); 2007 NWP 1-14M 9.2.3 (“Naval mines may not be emplacedoff the coasts and ports of the enemy with the sole objective of intercepting commercial shipping, but may otherwisebe employed in the strategic blockade of enemy ports, coasts, and waterways.”); 1997 NWP 9 9.2.3 (same); 1989NWP 9 9.2.3 (same).207 WILLIAM H. BOOTHBY, WEAPONS AND THE LAW OF ARMED CONFLICT 283 (2009) (“If there is some otherpurpose to the laying of the mines, their use in these localities is lawful. Thus, if the purpose was to intercept allshipping, both commercial and military, the laying of the weapons would not breach this provision.”).208 For example, Richard Nixon, Address to the Nation on the Situation in Southeast Asia, May 8, 1972, 1972PUBLIC PAPERS OF THE PRESIDENTS 583, 585 (“I therefore concluded that Hanoi must be denied the weapons andsupplies it needs to continue the aggression. In full coordination with the Republic of Vietnam, I have ordered thefollowing measures which are being implemented as I am speaking to you. All entrances to North Vietnamese portswill be mined to prevent access to these ports and North Vietnamese naval operations from these ports. … Countries896