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• airspace over that State’s land territory, including its internal waters; 32• airspace over that State’s territorial sea; 33 and• airspace over that State’s archipelagic sea. 3414.2.1.2 International Airspace. International airspace may be understood as allairspace that is not subject to the sovereignty of any State, including: 35• airspace over States’ contiguous zones; 36• airspace over States’ Exclusive Economic Zones; 37 and• airspace over the high seas. 3814.2.2 Vertical Boundary Between Airspace and Outer Space. A State’s sovereignty overits airspace does not extend to outer space, which is not subject to the sovereignty of any State. 39It is generally accepted that orbiting objects are in outer space. 40 The United States hasexpressed the view that there is no legal or practical need to delimit or otherwise define aspecific boundary between airspace and outer space. 41mandate of such State.”); Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone, art. 2, Apr. 29, 1958, 516 UNTS205, 208 (“The sovereignty of a coastal State extends to the air space over the territorial sea as well as to its bed andsubsoil.”). Consider LOS CONVENTION art. 2(2) (“This sovereignty extends to the air space over the territorial seaas well as to its bed and subsoil.”); LOS CONVENTION art. 49(2) (“This sovereignty extends to the air space over thearchipelagic waters, as well as to their bed and subsoil, and the resources contained therein.”).32 Refer to § 13.2.2.1 (Internal Waters).33 Refer to § 13.2.2.2 (Territorial Seas).34 Refer to § 13.2.2.3 (Archipelagic Waters).35 See, e.g., DOD DIRECTIVE 4500.54E, DoD Foreign Clearance Program (FCP), Glossary (Dec. 28, 2009)(“international airspace. All airspace seaward of coastal states’ national airspace, including airspace overcontiguous zones, exclusive economic zones, and the high seas. International airspace is open to all aircraft of allnations. Military aircraft may operate in such areas free of interference or control by the coastal state.”).36 Refer to § 13.2.3.2 (Contiguous Zones).37 Refer to § 13.2.3.3 (Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZs)).38 Refer to § 13.2.3.4 (High Seas).39 Refer to § 14.10.1 (Classification of Outer Space).40 See, e.g., Department of the Air Force, The Judge Advocate General’s School, Air Force Operations and TheLaw, 85 (3rd ed., 2014) (“According to this approach, the upper limit to airspace is above the highest altitude atwhich an aircraft can fly and below the lowest possible perigee of an earth satellite in orbit. The result is thatanything in orbit or beyond can safely be regarded as being in outer space.”); 2007 NWP 1-14M 1.10, 2.11.1(“The upper limit of airspace subject to national jurisdiction has not been authoritatively defined by internationallaw. International practice has established that airspace terminates at some point below the point at which artificialsatellites can be placed in orbit without free-falling to earth. Outer space begins at that undefined point. …Although there is no legally defined boundary between the upper limit of national airspace and the lower limit ofouter space, international law recognizes freedom of transit by man-made space objects at earth orbiting altitude and905