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The U.S. armed forces may also include the volunteer auxiliary of the Air Force when theservices of the Civil Air Patrol are used in certain missions. 984.5.1.1 Reserve Armed Forces. Although domestic law sometimes differentiatesbetween the reserve and active components of the armed forces for the purpose of entitlement tobenefits and other matters, international law treats members of the reserve forces that are part ofthe armed forces of a State the same as other members of the armed forces.In the United States, reserve armed forces include the reserve components of the Army,Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard, as well as the Army National Guard of theUnited States and the Air National Guard of the United States. 994.5.2 Classes of Persons Within the Armed Forces.4.5.2.1 Special Operations Forces. Special operations forces may be described asmilitary forces specially organized, trained, and equipped to achieve military, political,economic, and psychological objectives by unconventional military means in hostile, denied, orpolitically sensitive areas. 100 As members of the armed forces, special operations forces have thesame rights, duties, and liabilities as other members of the armed forces. 101Nonetheless, in the past, some States have illegitimately questioned whether specialoperations forces are entitled to the privileges of combatant status. For example, during WorldWar II, Hitler directed that German forces summarily execute captured Allied special operationsforces. 102 Post-World War II war crimes tribunals found that this order was not a legitimate98 See 10 U.S.C. § 9442(b)(1) (“The Secretary of the Air Force may use the services of the Civil Air Patrol to fulfillthe noncombat programs and missions of the Department of the Air Force.”).99 10 U.S.C. § 10101 (“The reserve components of the armed forces are: (1) The Army National Guard of theUnited States. (2) The Army Reserve. (3) The Navy Reserve. (4) The Marine Corps Reserve. (5) The Air NationalGuard of the United States. (6) The Air Force Reserve. (7) The Coast Guard Reserve.”).100 JOINT PUBLICATION 3-05, Special Operations, ix (Jul. 16, 2014) (“Special operations require unique modes ofemployment, tactics, techniques, procedures, and equipment. They are often conducted in hostile, denied, orpolitically and/or diplomatically sensitive environments, and are characterized by one or more of the following:time-sensitivity, clandestine or covert nature, low visibility, work with or through indigenous forces, greaterrequirements for regional orientation and cultural expertise, and a higher degree of risk. Special operations providejoint force commanders (JFCs) and chiefs of mission with discrete, precise, and scalable options that can besynchronized with activities of other interagency partners to achieve United States Government (USG) objectives.”).101 Refer to § 4.4 (Rights, Duties, and Liabilities of Combatants).102 Adolf Hitler, Commando Order, reprinted in Trial of Generaloberst Nickolaus von Falkenhorst, XI U.N. LAWREPORTS 18, 20-21 (British Military Court, Brunswick, Jul. 29-Aug. 2, 1946); also reprinted in United States v. vonLeeb, et al. (The High Command Case), XI TRIALS OF WAR CRIMINALS BEFORE THE NMT 525-27; also reprinted inThe Dostler Case, Trial of General Anton Dostler, I U.N. LAW REPORTS 22, 33-34 (U.S. Military Commission,Rome, Oct. 8-12, 1945).113