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12.6.5 Revocation of Passports, Safe-Conducts, and Similar Documents. In general,passports, as well as safe-conducts, may be revoked for good reasons of military expediency bythe person who issued them or that person’s superior officer. Revocation must never be used asa means of detaining the holder, who is always allowed to withdraw in safety. 111In addition, if the holder commits any wrongful act, such as using the opportunity givenby a passport or safe-conduct to obtain military information or if the holder exceeds its terms, theprivilege may be withdrawn. 11212.7 CARTELSIn its narrower sense, a cartel is an agreement entered into by opposing belligerents forthe exchange of POWs. 113 In its broader sense, it is any convention concluded betweenbelligerents for the purpose of arranging or regulating certain kinds of non-hostile intercoursethat would otherwise be prohibited by reason of the existence of the armed conflict (e.g., postalcommunication or trade in certain goods or commodities). 114Both parties to a cartel are honor bound to observe its provisions scrupulously. A cartelis voidable by a party upon definite proof that it has been intentionally violated in an importantparticular by the other party. 11512.8 CAPITULATIONS – NEGOTIATED INSTRUMENTS OF SURRENDER12.8.1 Definition of Capitulation. A capitulation is an agreement (sometimes with certainconditions) entered into between commanders of belligerent forces for the surrender of a body offorces, a fortress, or other defended locality, or of a district of the theater of operations. 116 For111 1958 UK MANUAL 493 (“Passports, as well as safe-conducts, may be revoked for good reasons of militaryexpediency by the person who issued them or his superior officer. Until revoked, however, they are binding notonly upon the person who granted them, but also upon his successors. The reasons for revocation need not be given,but revocation must never be used as a means of detaining the holder, who is always allowed to withdraw in safety.Such passports and safe-conducts as have been granted only for a limited time cease to be valid with the expirationof the period designated.”).112 1958 UK MANUAL 494 (“If the holder commits any wrongful act, such as using the opportunity given by apassport or safe-conduct to obtain military information or if he exceeds its terms, the privilege may be withdrawn.”).113 Refer to § 9.35.1 (Exchange of POWs During Hostilities Through Cartel Agreements).114 1956 FM 27-10 (Change No. 1 1976) 469 (“In its narrower sense, a cartel is an agreement entered into bybelligerents for the exchange of prisoners of war. In its broader sense, it is any convention concluded betweenbelligerents for the purpose of arranging or regulating certain kinds of nonhostile intercourse otherwise prohibitedby reason of the existence of the war.”).115 1956 FM 27-10 (Change No. 1 1976) 469 (“Both parties to a cartel are in honor bound to observe its provisionswith the most scrupulous care, but it is voidable by either party upon definite proof that it has been intentionallyviolated in an important particular by the other party.”).116 1956 FM 27-10 (Change No. 1 1976) 470 (“A capitulation is an agreement entered into between commanders ofbelligerent forces for the surrender of a body of troops, a fortress, or other defended locality, or of a district of thetheater of operations.”); 1958 UK MANUAL 462 (“Capitulations are agreements entered into between thecommanders of armed forces or belligerents concerning the terms of surrender of a body of troops, of a defendedtown or place, or of a particular district of the theatre of war. Surrenders of territory are sometimes designated as839