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19.14 1930 LONDON TREATY FOR THE LIMITATION AND REDUCTION OF NAVAL ARMAMENT AND1936 LONDON PROTOCOLArticle 22 of the 1930 London Treaty for the Limitation and Reduction of NavalArmament (1930 London Treaty) and the 1936 London Protocol set forth identical rulesregarding submarine warfare, and the obligations of surface warships and submarines withrespect to the sinking of merchant vessels, including the obligation to put merchant vessels’passengers and crew in a place of safety. 135The United States deposited its instrument of ratification to the 1930 London Treaty onOctober 27, 1930. 136 Although other aspects of the treaty expired on December 31, 1936, Article22 remains in force. 137 Signatories to the 1930 London Treaty desired that as many States aspossible accept the rules in Article 22; thus, they concluded the 1936 London Protocol with thesame language as that in Article 22 and invited other States to accede to the 1936 LondonProtocol. 138 The United States signed the 1936 Protocol on November 6, 1936. 13919.15 1935 ROERICH PACTThe 1935 Roerich Pact was concluded in Washington on April 15, 1935. 140 It providesfor the respect and protection of “historic monuments, museums, scientific, artistic, educationaland cultural institutions” and their personnel in time of peace as well as in war. 141 Such135 Refer to § 13.7.1 (General Principle – Same Rules Applicable to Both Submarine and Surface Warships);§ 13.5.2 (Attack of Enemy Merchant Vessels); § 15.15.3 (Destruction of Neutral Prizes).136 Herbert Hoover, Proclamation Regarding the 1930 Treaty for the Limitation and Reduction of Naval Armament,Jan. 1, 1931, 46 STAT. 2858, 2885 (“AND WHEREAS the ratification by the United States of America, subject tothe understandings, set forth therein, … deposited at London on the 27th day of October, one thousand nine hundredand thirty,”).137 Treaty for the Limitation and Reduction of Naval Armament art. 23, Apr. 22, 1930, 46 STAT. 2858, 2882 (“Thepresent Treaty shall remain in force until the 31st December, 1936, subject to the following exceptions: (1) Part IVshall remain in force without limit of time; (2) the provisions of Articles 3, 4 and 5, and of Article 11 and Annex IIto Part II so far as they relate to aircraft carriers, shall remain in force for the same period as the WashingtonTreaty.”).138 Procès-Verbal Relating to the Rules of Submarine Warfare Set Forth in Part IV of the Treaty of London of April22, 1930, preamble, Nov. 6, 1936, 173 LNTS 353, 355 (“And whereas all the signatories of the said Treaty desirethat as great a number of Powers as possible should accept the rules contained in the said Part IV as established rulesof international law; The undersigned, representatives of their respective Governments, bearing in mind the saidArticle 22 of the Treaty, hereby request the Government of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and NorthernIreland forthwith to communicate the said rules, as annexed hereto, to the Governments of all Powers which are notsignatories of the said Treaty, with an invitation to accede thereto definitely and without limit of time.”).139 Procès-Verbal Relating to the Rules of Submarine Warfare Set Forth in Part IV of the Treaty of London of April22, 1930, Nov. 6, 1936, 173 LNTS 353, 357 (“Signed in London, the 6th day of November, nineteen hundred andthirty-six. For the Government of the United States of America: Robert Worth BINGHAM.”).140 Pan American Treaty on the Protection of Artistic and Scientific Institutions and Historic Monuments, Apr. 15,1935, 49 STAT. 3267.141 ROERICH PACT art. 1 (“The historic monuments, museums, scientific, artistic, educational and cultural institutionsshall be considered as neutral and as such respected and protected by belligerents. The same respect and protectionshall be due to the personnel of the institutions mentioned above. The same respect and protection shall be accorded1151