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to lead such efforts or to carry out a joint relief operation with civilian authorities. 421 Forexample, the U.S. armed forces often have undertaken to care for the civilian wounded andsick. 4227.17 CIVILIAN HOSPITALS AND THEIR PERSONNELDuring international armed conflict, civilian hospitals organized to give care to thewounded and sick, the infirm, and maternity cases, may in no circumstances be the object ofattack, but shall at all times be respected and protected by the parties to the conflict. 4237.17.1 Loss of Protection for Civilian Hospitals Used to Commit Acts Harmful to theEnemy. The protection to which civilian hospitals are entitled shall not cease unless they areused to commit, outside their humanitarian duties, acts harmful to the enemy. 4247.17.1.1 Acts Harmful to the Enemy. Civilian hospitals must avoid anyinterference, direct or indirect, in military operations, such as the use of a hospital as a shelter forable-bodied combatants or fugitives, as an arms or ammunition store, as a military observationpost, or as a center for liaison with combat forces. 425 However, the fact that sick or woundedslightly different from the corresponding Article in the First Geneva Convention (‘Parties to the conflict shall,without delay … take all possible measures …’).”).421 GC COMMENTARY 135-36 (“In actual practice, however, when it is necessary to search devastated areas, themilitary and civilian bodies will usually carry out a joint relief operation covering all war casualties, civilians andmembers of the armed forces, friends and enemies. This is the only attitude to adopt in work of this descriptionwhich consists, in short, not in helping soldiers on the one hand and civilians on the other, but simply in assistinghuman beings plunged into suffering by a common destiny-human beings among whom all distinctions have beenwiped out by suffering.”).422 For example, SANDERS MARBLE, SKILLED AND RESOLUTE: A HISTORY OF THE 12TH EVACUATION HOSPITAL ANDTHE 212TH MASH, 1917-2006, 69-70 (2013) (“About two-thirds of patients cared for by the 12th were US military;the other third were mainly Vietnamese but also included nonmilitary Americans and Free World MilitaryAssistance Forces personnel. Staff regularly dealt with the Vietnamese, both military and civilian, enemy andfriendly. There were wards set aside for enemy prisoners (who were stabilized, then transferred to hospitals at POWcamps) and civilians. Wounded South Vietnamese Army soldiers were also stabilized and transferred to hospitalsrun by the Army of the Republic of Vietnam (ARVN). Civilian patients often stayed longer because the warswamped the available hospitals for Vietnamese civilians. Some local civilians came to the hospital for care ofconditions not related to the war.”); id. at. 104 (“Almost immediately after the ground fighting ended [during the1991 Persian Gulf War], more patients arrived: civilians, enemy prisoners, and Coalition and US troops. Despitethe influx, the 12th had to staff only 104 beds of its 400-bed maximum. At first the civilians were Kuwaitis, but byMarch 23 Iraqi civilians began arriving, victims of the southern Iraqi rebellion against Saddam Hussein. Thecivilians arrived in large batches, Chinook loads of 30 or 40 at a time. Not all were patients; families oftenaccompanied an injured member.”).423 GC art. 18 (“Civilian hospitals organized to give care to the wounded and sick, the infirm and maternity cases,may in no circumstances be the object of attack, but shall at all times be respected and protected by the Parties to theconflict.”).424 GC art. 19 (“The protection to which civilian hospitals are entitled shall not cease unless they are used to commit,outside their humanitarian duties, acts harmful to the enemy.”).425 GC COMMENTARY 155 (“Such harmful acts would, for example, include the use of a hospital as a shelter for ablebodiedcombatants or fugitives, as an arms or ammunition store, as a military observation post, or as a centre forliaison with fighting troops. The sense will become still clearer when paragraph 2, below is considered, whichmentions two specific acts which are not to be regarded as being harmful to the enemy. One thing is certain.478