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TABLE OF CONTENTSForeword .........................................................................................................................iiPreface .............................................................................................................................iiiTable of Contents ...........................................................................................................viiList of Abbreviations .....................................................................................................xviiI – General Background ............................................................................................................11.1 Purpose and Scope of This Manual ...........................................................................11.2 Use of Footnotes, Sources, Cross-References, and Signals in This Manual .............21.3 Definition of the Law of War .....................................................................................71.4 Object and Nature of War ..........................................................................................151.5 “War” as a Legal Concept..........................................................................................181.6 Law of War Distinguished From Certain Topics .......................................................201.7 Treaties .......................................................................................................................271.8 Customary International Law ....................................................................................291.9 Subsidiary Means of Determining International Law ................................................341.10 Legal Force of the Law of War ................................................................................361.11 Jus ad Bellum ...........................................................................................................39II – Principles .............................................................................................................................502.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................502.2 Military Necessity ......................................................................................................522.3 Humanity....................................................................................................................582.4 Proportionality ...........................................................................................................602.5 Distinction ..................................................................................................................622.6 Honor .........................................................................................................................66III – Application of the Law of War ........................................................................................703.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................703.2 Situations to Which the Law of War Applies ............................................................733.3 Status of the Parties and the Law of War ...................................................................733.4 When Jus in Bello Rules Apply .................................................................................783.5 Relationship Between Jus in Bello and Jus ad Bellum ..............................................863.6 Reciprocity and Law of War Rules ............................................................................893.7 Applying Rules by Analogy.......................................................................................923.8 End of Hostilities and the Application of the Law of War ........................................943.9 Law of War Duties Also Applicable in Peace ...........................................................96IV – Classes of Persons ..............................................................................................................984.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................98vii