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19.2.2 Arms Control Agreements to Which the United States Is a Party That Are ofDirect Relevance to the Law of War. The United States is a Party to the following treaties thatcontain restrictions on the use of weapons during armed conflict:• Geneva Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous orOther Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare of June 17, 1925 (1925 GenevaGas and Bacteriological Protocol). 31• Convention on the Prohibition of Development, Production and Stockpiling ofBacteriological (Biological) and Toxin Weapons and on Their Destruction of April 10,1972 (Biological Weapons Convention). 32• Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of EnvironmentalModification Techniques of May 18, 1977 (ENMOD Convention). 33• Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use ofChemical Weapons and on Their Destruction of January 13, 1993 (Chemical WeaponsConvention). 3419.2.3 Examples of Treaties Signed but Not Ratified by the United States. This section isnot comprehensive. It lists examples of treaties that the United States has signed, but notratified.A State that has signed a treaty is obliged to refrain from acts that would defeat the objectand purpose of a treaty, until it shall have made its intention clear not to become a Party to thetreaty. 35• Procès-Verbal Relating to the Rules of Submarine Warfare set forth in Part IV of theTreaty of London of April 22, 1930 (1936 London Protocol). 3630 Refer to § 19.26 (AP III).31 Refer to § 19.12 (1925 Geneva Gas and Bacteriological Protocol).32 Refer to § 19.19 (Biological Weapons Convention).33 Refer to § 6.10 (Certain Environmental Modification Techniques).34 Refer to § 19.22 (Chemical Weapons Convention).35 Consider VCLT art. 18 (“A State is obliged to refrain from acts which would defeat the object and purpose of atreaty when: (a) It has signed the treaty or has exchanged instruments constituting the treaty subject to ratification,acceptance or approval, until it shall have made its intention clear not to become a party to the treaty; or (b) It hasexpressed its consent to be bound by the treaty, pending the entry into force of the treaty and provided that suchentry into force is not unduly delayed.”). See also William P. Rogers, Letter of Submittal, Oct. 18, 1971, MESSAGEFROM THE PRESIDENT TRANSMITTING THE VCLT 2 (“Article 18 sets forth rules governing the obligation of States notto defeat the object and purpose of a treaty prior to its entry into force. That obligation is limited to (a) States thathave signed a treaty or exchanged ad referendum instruments constituting a treaty, until such time as they makeclear their intention not to become a party, and (b) States that have expressed consent to be bound, pending entryinto force and provided such entry into force is not unduly delayed. This rule is widely recognized in customaryinternational law.”).1135