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institutions and personnel receive protection as cultural property under the 1954 Hague CulturalProperty or the general protection afforded civilian objects and persons. 142The United States deposited its instrument of ratification to the 1935 Roerich Pact on July13, 1935. 143This treaty was followed by the 1954 Hague Cultural Property Convention. 144to the Roerich Pact are Parties to the 1954 Hague Cultural Property Convention.All PartiesThe 1954 Hague Cultural Property Convention is supplementary to the Roerich Pact, butthe distinctive emblem of the 1954 Hague Cultural Property Convention is to be used instead ofthe distinguishing flag described in Article III of the 1935 Roerich Pact, in situations where the1954 Hague Cultural Property Convention and the Regulations for its execution provide for theuse of this distinctive emblem. 14519.16 1949 GENEVA CONVENTIONSThe four 1949 Geneva Conventions were adopted at a Diplomatic Conference at Genevaon August 12, 1949. More than 193 States have ratified the 1949 Geneva Conventions. 146The United States signed each of the 1949 Geneva Conventions on August 12, 1949. TheUnited States deposited its instrument of ratification to each convention on August 2, 1955. 147The United States has viewed many of the protections embodied in the 1949 GenevaConventions as reflecting appropriate U.S. practice in armed conflict regardless of formal treatyobligations. 148to the historic monuments, museums, scientific, artistic, educational and cultural institutions in time of peace as wellas in war.”). Refer to § 5.18.1.1 (Definition of Cultural Property – Notes on Terminology).142 Refer to § 5.18 (Protection of Cultural Property During Hostilities); § 5.6 (Discrimination in ConductingAttacks).143 Franklin D. Roosevelt, Proclamation Regarding the Roerich Pact, Oct. 25, 1935, 49 STAT. 3267, 3274 (“ANDWHEREAS the said Treaty has been duly ratified by the United States of America, whose instrument of ratificationwas deposited with the Pan American Union on July 13, 1935;”).144 Refer to § 19.17 (1954 Hague Cultural Property Convention).145 Refer to § 19.17.1.2 (Relationship Between the 1935 Roerich Pact and the 1954 Hague Cultural PropertyConvention).146 See DEPARTMENT OF STATE, Treaties in Force: A List of Treaties and Other International Agreements of theUnited States in Force on January 1, 2013, 465-66 (2013).147 213 UNTS 378 (GWS Ratification, “Instrument deposited with the Swiss Federal Council on: 2 August 1955UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (To take effect on 2 February 1956.)”); 213 UNTS 382 (GWS-Sea Ratification,“Instrument deposited with the Swiss Federal Council on: 2 August 1955 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (To takeeffect on 2 February 1956.)”); 213 UNTS 383 (GPW Ratification, “Instrument deposited with the Swiss FederalCouncil on: 2 August 1955 UNITED STATES OF AMERICA (To take effect on 2 February 1956.)”); 213 UNTS 384(GC Ratification, “Instrument deposited with the Swiss Federal Council on: 2 August 1955 UNITED STATES OFAMERICA (To take effect on 2 February 1956.)”).1152