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13.2.3.1 High Seas Freedoms. States may exercise certain freedoms on the highseas, such as freedom of navigation and freedom of overflight. 42 For example, the high seasfreedoms that warships may exercise include: task force maneuvering, flight operations, militaryexercises, surveillance, intelligence gathering activities, and ordnance testing and firing. 43 Theserights and freedoms must be exercised with due regard for the interests of other States in theirexercise of the freedom of the high seas and other applicable rights. 44Within a State’s EEZ, other States enjoy high seas freedoms of navigation and overflight,and other rights, but must exercise those rights with due regard for the rights and duties of thecoastal State. 45 13.2.3.2 Contiguous Zones. A contiguous zone is an area extending seaward fromthe territorial sea to a maximum distance of 24 nautical miles from the baseline, in which thecoastal State may exercise the control necessary to prevent or punish infringement of its customs,fiscal, immigration, and sanitary laws and regulations that occurs within its territory or territorialsea. 4642 Convention on the High Seas, art. 2, Apr. 29, 1958, 450 UNTS 82, 83-84 (“Freedom of the high seas is exercisedunder the conditions laid down by these articles and by the other rules of international law. It comprises, inter alia,both for coastal and non coastal states: (1) Freedom of navigation; (2) Freedom of fishing; (3) Freedom to laysubmarine cables and pipelines; (4) Freedom to fly over the high seas.”). Consider LOS CONVENTION art. 87(1)(“The high seas are open to all States, whether coastal or land-locked. Freedom of the high seas is exercised underthe conditions laid down by this Convention and by other rules of international law. It comprises, inter alia, both forcoastal and land-locked States: (a) freedom of navigation; (b) freedom of overflight; (c) freedom to lay submarinecables and pipelines, subject to Part VI; (d) freedom to construct artificial islands and other installations permittedunder international law, subject to Part VI; (e) freedom of fishing, subject to the conditions laid down in section 2;(f) freedom of scientific research, subject to Parts VI and XIII.”).43 2007 NWP 1-14M 2.6.3 (“All ships and aircraft, including warship and military aircraft, enjoy complete freedomof movement and operation on and over the high seas. For warships, this includes task force maneuvering, flightoperations, military exercises, surveillance, intelligence gathering activities, and ordnance testing and firing.”); 1997NWP 9 2.4.3 (same); 1989 NWP 9 2.4.3 (same).44 Convention on the High Seas, art. 2, Apr. 29, 1958, 450 UNTS 82, 84 (“These freedoms, and others which arerecognized by the general principles of international law, shall be exercised by all States with reasonable regard tothe interests of other States in their exercise of the freedom of the high seas.”). Consider LOS CONVENTION art.87(2) (“These freedoms shall be exercised by all States with due regard for the interests of other States in theirexercise of the freedom of the high seas, and also with due regard for the rights under this Convention with respectto activities in the Area.”).45 Consider LOS CONVENTION art. 58 (“1. In the exclusive economic zone, all States, whether coastal or landlocked,enjoy, subject to the relevant provisions of this Convention, the freedoms referred to in article 87 ofnavigation and overflight and of the laying of submarine cables and pipelines, and other internationally lawful usesof the sea related to these freedoms, such as those associated with the operation of ships, aircraft and submarinecables and pipelines, and compatible with the other provisions of this Convention. 2. Articles 88 to 115 and otherpertinent rules of international law apply to the exclusive economic zone in so far as they are not incompatible withthis Part. 3. In exercising their rights and performing their duties under this Convention in the exclusive economiczone, States shall have due regard to the rights and duties of the coastal State and shall comply with the laws andregulations adopted by the coastal State in accordance with the provisions of this Convention and other rules ofinternational law in so far as they are not incompatible with this Part.”).46 Convention on the Territorial Sea and Contiguous Zone, art. 24, Apr. 29, 1958, 516 UNTS 205, 220 (“1. In a zoneof the high seas contiguous to its territorial sea, the coastal State may exercise the control necessary to: (a) Preventinfringement of its customs, fiscal, immigration or sanitary regulations within its territory or territorial sea; (b)867