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The 1954 Hague Cultural Property Convention was adopted at a diplomatic conferenceon May 14, 1954. 187 The United States deposited its instrument of ratification to the HagueCultural Property Convention on March 13, 2009, and stated four understandings. 188Two Protocols to the 1954 Hague Cultural Property Convention have been adopted. 189The United States has neither signed nor ratified either one.19.17.1Treaties.Relationship Between the 1954 Hague Cultural Property Convention and Earlier19.17.1.1 Relationship Between the 1954 Hague Cultural Property Conventionand Certain 1899 and 1907 Hague Conventions. In the relations between States that are boundby the Conventions of The Hague concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land (IV)(Hague IV) and Concerning Naval Bombardment in Time of War (Hague IX), whether those ofJuly 29, 1899, or those of October 18, 1907, and that are Parties to the 1954 Hague CulturalProperty Convention, the 1954 Hague Cultural Property Convention shall be supplementary tothe Hague IX Convention and to the Regulations annexed to the Hague IV Convention. 19019.17.1.2 Relationship Between the 1935 Roerich Pact and the 1954 HagueCultural Property Convention. In the relations between States that are bound by the 1935Roerich Pact and that are Parties to the 1954 Hague Cultural Property Convention, the 1954Hague Cultural Property Convention shall be supplementary to the Roerich Pact and shallsubstitute for the distinguishing flag described in Article III of the Roerich Pact the emblemdefined in Article 16 of the 1954 Hague Cultural Property Convention—in cases in which the1954 Hague Cultural Property Convention and the Regulations for its execution provide for theuse of this distinctive emblem. 191187 Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, May 14, 1954, 249 UNTS240.188 2575 UNTS 7 (“RATIFICATION (WITH DECLARATIONS) United States of America Deposit of instrument with theDirector-General of the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization: 13 March 2009”).189 Protocol for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict, May 14, 1954, 249 UNTS 358;Second Protocol to The Hague Convention of 1954 for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of ArmedConflict, Mar. 26, 1999, 2253 UNTS 172.190 1954 HAGUE CULTURAL PROPERTY CONVENTION art. 36(1) (“In the relations between Powers which are boundby the Conventions of The Hague concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land (IV) and concerning NavalBombardment in Time of War (IX), whether those of 29 July, 1899 or those of 18 October, 1907, and which areParties to the present Convention, this last Convention shall be supplementary to the aforementioned Convention(IX) and to the Regulations annexed to the aforementioned Convention (IV) and shall substitute for the emblemdescribed in Article 5 of the aforementioned Convention (IX) the emblem described in Article 16 of the presentConvention, in cases in which the present Convention and the Regulations for its execution provide for the use ofthis distinctive emblem.”).191 1954 HAGUE CULTURAL PROPERTY CONVENTION art. 36(2) (“In the relations between Powers which are boundby the Washington Pact of l 5 April 1935 for the Protection of Artistic and Scientific Institutions and of HistoricMonuments (Roerich Pact) and which are Parties to the present Convention, the latter Convention shall besupplementary to the Roerich Pact and shall substitute for the distinguishing flag described in Article III of the Pactthe emblem defined in Article 16 of the present Convention, in cases in which the present Convention and theRegulations for its execution provide for the use of this distinctive emblem.”).1158