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mines have been laid. This notice must be communicated at once to the Governments throughthe diplomatic channel. 19513.11.3.1 General Obligation to Take Feasible Precautions When Using NavalMines. The general obligation to take feasible precautions for the protection of civilians applieswhen using naval mines. 196 In particular, when anchored automatic contact mines are employed,every possible precaution must be taken for the security of peaceful shipping. 19713.11.3.2 International Notification When Using Armed Mines. Internationalnotification of the location of emplaced armed mines must be made as soon as militaryexigencies permit. 198 Such notification may be conducted through official publicannouncements, communications to the United Nations, bilateral diplomatic notification, ornotices to mariners. 199In particular, when anchored automatic contact mines are employed, belligerentsundertake to do their utmost to render these mines harmless within a limited time and, shouldthey cease to be under surveillance, to notify the danger zones as soon as military exigenciespermit, by a notice addressed to ship owners, which must also be communicated to theGovernments through the diplomatic channel. 20013.11.3.3 Surveillance of Minefields. Surveillance or monitoring of minefieldsmay be an appropriate precaution to reduce the risk of harm to peaceful vessels by permittingwarning to be given to peaceful vessels that unwittingly venture near the minefield. 201195 HAGUE VIII art. 4 (“The neutral Power must inform ship-owners, by a notice issued in advance, where automaticcontact mines have been laid. This notice must be communicated at once to the Governments through thediplomatic channel.”).196 Refer to § 5.3.3 (Affirmative Duties to Take Feasible Precautions for the Protection of Civilians and OtherProtected Persons and Objects).197 HAGUE VIII art. 3 (“When anchored automatic contact mines are employed, every possible precaution must betaken for the security of peaceful shipping.”).198 2007 NWP 1-14M 9.2.3 (“International notification of the location of emplaced mines must be made as soon asmilitary exigencies permit.”); 1997 NWP 9 9.2.3 (same); 1989 NWP 9 9.2.3 (“International notification of thelocation of emplaced armed mines must be made as soon as military exigencies permit.”).199 For example, HOWARD S. LEVIE, MINE WARFARE AT SEA 146-47 (1992) (“The mining was announced byPresident Nixon on radio and television on the evening of 8 May 1972. Appropriate notification was also given toall other nations concerned, both by a letter to the President of the United Nations Security Council, and by directbilateral diplomatic notification, as well as by notices to mariners. That same day (9 May 1972, in Hanoi), mineswere dropped by aircraft in Haiphong harbor (and in Cam Pha and Hon Gai harbors), three days in advance of themines becoming armed, thus permitting the ships in the harbor three periods of daylight in which to leave if they sodesired.”).200 HAGUE VIII art. 3 (“The belligerents undertake to do their utmost to render these mines harmless within a limitedtime, and, should they cease to be under surveillance, to notify the danger zones as soon as military exigenciespermit, by a notice addressed to ship owners, which must also be communicated to the Governments through thediplomatic channel.”).201 Compare § 6.12.7 (Rules for Using Non-Remotely Delivered Anti-Personnel Mines Without Compliant SD/SDAMechanisms).895