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freedoms on a worldwide basis in a manner that is consistent with the balance of interestsreflected in the LOS Convention. 11 For example, consistent with the LOS Convention, theUnited States has claimed a 12-nautical mile territorial sea. 12 Similarly, the United States hasestablished a contiguous zone extending 24 nautical miles from the baselines of the United Statesdetermined in accordance with international law, but in no case within the territorial sea ofanother nation. 13The Agreement on the Implementation of Part XI of the LOS Convention was adopted onAugust 17, 1994. 14 Because this agreement addressed the objections that the United Statespreviously expressed to Part XI of the LOS Convention, President Clinton recommended that theSenate give its advice and consent to accession to the LOS Convention and to ratification of theAgreement on the Implementation of Part XI. 15 Subsequent administrations have also supportedU.S. accession to the LOS Convention and the ratification of the Agreement on theImplementation of Part XI of the LOS Convention. 1613.2 LEGAL BOUNDARIES OF THE OCEANSThe legal classifications of ocean areas may be relevant to the application of the law ofwar and therefore affect military operations during armed conflict by, for example:11 Ronald Reagan, Statement on United States Oceans Policy, Mar. 10, 1983, 1983-I PUBLIC PAPERS OF THEPRESIDENTS 378, 379 (“First, the United States is prepared to accept and act in accordance with the balance ofinterests relating to traditional uses of the oceans - such as navigation and overflight. In this respect, the UnitedStates will recognize the rights of other States in the waters off their coasts, as reflected in the Convention, so longas the rights and freedoms of the United States and others under international law are recognized by such coastalstates. Second, the United States will exercise and assert its navigation and overflight rights and freedoms on aworldwide basis in a manner that is consistent with the balance of interests reflected in the Convention. The UnitedStates will not, however, acquiesce in unilateral acts of other States designed to restrict the rights and freedoms ofthe international community in navigation and overflight and other related high seas uses.”).12 Refer to § 13.2.2.2 (Territorial Seas).13 Refer to § 13.2.3.2 (Contiguous Zones).14 Agreement relating to the implementation of Part XI of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of10 December 1982, annex to U.N. General Assembly Resolution 48/263, U.N. Doc. A/RES/48/263 (Aug. 17, 1994).15 William J. Clinton, Letter of Transmittal, Oct. 7, 1994, MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT TRANSMITTING LOSCONVENTION 1 (“As described in the report by the Secretary of State, the Agreement meets the objections theUnited States and other industrialized nations previously expressed to Part XI. It promises to provide a stable andinternationally recognized framework for mining to proceed in response to future demand for minerals…. I thereforerecommend that the Senate give early and favorable consideration to the Convention and to the Agreement and giveits advice and consent to accession to the Convention and to ratification of the Agreement.”).16 See, e.g., George W. Bush, Statement on the Advancement of United States Maritime Interests, May 15, 2007,2007-I PUBLIC PAPERS OF THE PRESIDENTS 583 (“First, I urge the Senate to act favorably on U.S. accession to theUnited Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea during this session of Congress. Joining will serve the nationalsecurity interests of the United States, including the maritime mobility of our armed forces worldwide. It will secureU.S. sovereign rights over extensive marine areas, including the valuable natural resources they contain. Accessionwill promote U.S. interests in the environmental health of the oceans. And it will give the United States a seat at thetable when the rights that are vital to our interests are debated and interpreted.”); Barack Obama, National SecurityStrategy 50 (May 2010) (“As one key effort in the sea domain, for example, we will pursue ratification of the UnitedNations Convention on the Law of the Sea.”).862