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over that airspace. 130 The right of a belligerent State to establish a zone outside its territory mayrely on the belligerent State’s: (1) right to interdict contraband; (2) right to control theimmediate area of operations; or (3) right of blockade. 131Exclusion zones may also be established in accordance with an appropriate resolutionadopted by the U.N. Security Council.13.9.2 Use of Zones to Warn Vessels or Aircraft – War, Operational, Warning, andSafety Zones. A zone may be issued to advise vessels or aircraft to remain clear of an area ofnaval operations. Such a zone may also provide procedures to reduce the risk of neutral vesselsbeing mistakenly attacked. 132Such zones have been used: (1) to identify a particularly dangerous operational area; 133(2) to assist in the defense of a particular area; 134 or (3) to assist in the defense of particular navalforces (i.e., a defensive bubble). 135130 Refer to § 14.2.1.1 (National Airspace).131 Refer to 15.12 (Neutral Commerce and Carriage of Contraband); § 13.8 (Belligerent Control of the ImmediateArea of Naval Operations); § 13.10 (Blockade).132 For example, HYDROLANT 597/03 (54,56) EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN SEA (202135Z MAR 2003),reprinted in 2007 NWP 1-14M, Appendix A (“2. ALL VESSELS SHOULD MAINTAIN A SAFE DISTANCEFROM U.S. FORCES SO THAT INTENTIONS ARE CLEAR AND UNDERSTOOD BY U.S. FORCES.VESSELS THAT ENTER THE MARITIME SAFETY ZONE WHICH ARE APPROACHING U.S. FORCES, ORVESSELS WHOSE INTENTIONS ARE UNCLEAR ARE SUBJECT TO BOARDING AND VISIT BY U.S.FORCES. ALL VESSELS APPROACHING U.S. FORCES ARE REQUESTED TO MAINTAIN RADIOCONTACT WITH U.S. FORCES ON BRIDGE-TO-BRIDGE CHANNEL 16. 3. U.S. FORCES WILL EXERCISEAPPROPRIATE MEASURES IN SELF-DEFENSE IF WARRANTED BY THE CIRCUMSTANCES. VESSELSAPPROACHING U.S. FORCES WILL HELP MAKE THEIR INTENTIONS CLEAR AND AVOIDUNNECESSARY INITIATION OF SUCH DEFENSIVE MEASURES BY MAKING PRIOR CONTACT ASDESCRIBED ABOVE.”).133 For example, HYDROLANT 597/03 (54,56) EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN SEA (202135Z MAR 2003),reprinted in 2007 NWP 1-14M, Appendix A (“U.S. FORCES IN THE EASTERN MEDITERRANEAN HAVEESTABLISHED A MARITIME SAFETY ZONE AND ARE CONDUCTING COMBAT OPERATIONS ININTERNATIONAL WATERS THAT POSE A HAZARD TO NAVIGATION. ALL VESSELS ARE ADVISEDTO EXERCISE EXTREME CAUTION AND TO REMAIN CLEAR OF THE FOLLOWING DESIGNATEDOPERATION AREA BOUND BY 32-28.0N 033-22.0E, 31-40.0N 033-22.0E, 31-55.0N 032-20.0E, 32-46.8N 032-20.0E.”).134 For example, Woodrow Wilson, Executive Order Establishing Defensive Sea Areas, No. 2584, Apr. 5, 1917,reprinted in 12 AJIL SUPPLEMENT: OFFICIAL DOCUMENTS 13, 16 (1918) (“I, WOODROW WILSON, President of theUnited States of America, do order that defensive sea areas are hereby established, to be maintained until furthernotification, at the places and within the limits prescribed as follows, … The responsibility of the United States ofAmerica for any damage inflicted by force of arms with the object of detaining any person or vessel proceeding incontravention to Regulations duly promulgated in accordance with this Executive order shall cease from this date.”).135 For example, A.D. Parsons, Letter Dated 24 April 1982 from the Permanent Representative of the UnitedKingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland to the United Nations Addressed to the President of the SecurityCouncil, U.N. Doc. S/14997 (“Further to Mr. Whyte’s letter dated 9 April 1982 (S/14963), I have the honour, oninstructions from my Government, to inform you that the following communication was conveyed to theGovernment of Argentina on 23 April 1982: In announcing the establishment of a maritime exclusion zone aroundthe Falkland Islands, Her Majesty’s Government made it clear that this measure was without prejudice to the right of883