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9.4 National-Level GPW Implementation Measures .......................................................5229.5 Humane Treatment and Basic Protections for POWs ................................................5249.6 Security Measures With Respect to POWs ................................................................5299.7 POW Effects and Articles of Personal Use................................................................5309.8 Interrogation of POWs ...............................................................................................5329.9 Evacuation From Combat Areas ................................................................................5349.10 Transit or Screening Facilities .................................................................................5369.11 General Conditions in POW Camps: Location, Safety, Hygiene, and LivingConditions ............................................................................................................5389.12 Segregation of POWs ...............................................................................................5449.13 Food, Water, Tobacco, and Clothing for POWs ......................................................5459.14 Medical Attention for Interned POWs .....................................................................5489.15 Religious Exercise by POWs ...................................................................................5509.16 Intellectual, Physical, and Recreational Activities ..................................................5519.17 Canteens for POWs ..................................................................................................5539.18 Financial Resources of POWs .................................................................................5559.19 POW Labor ..............................................................................................................5629.20 POW Correspondence and Relief Shipments ..........................................................5699.21 Private Legal Matters of POWs ...............................................................................5779.22 Internal Discipline of POW Camps .........................................................................5789.23 POW Requests, Complaints, and Reports About Conditions of Captivity ..............5829.24 POW Representatives ..............................................................................................5849.25 POW Escapes ...........................................................................................................5919.26 General Principles Applicable to POW Discipline ..................................................5959.27 Disciplinary Proceedings and Punishment ...............................................................5989.28 Judicial Proceedings and Punishment ......................................................................6039.29 Transfer of POWs From the POW Camp ................................................................6109.30 Transfer of POWs to the Custody of Another Detaining Power .............................6119.31 National Accounting of the Detention of POWs .....................................................6139.32 Role of the Protecting Power in the GPW ...............................................................6189.33 Access to POWs by the Protecting Powers, ICRC, and Relief Organizations ........6219.34 Death of POWs ........................................................................................................6229.35 Exchanges and Other Release and Repatriation of POWs During Hostilities .........6269.36 Direct Repatriation and Accommodation in Neutral Countries DuringHostilities .............................................................................................................6279.37 Release and Repatriation After Hostilities ...............................................................6329.38 Procedure on Release and Repatriation After Hostilities ........................................6389.39 Code of Conduct for U.S. Armed Forces .................................................................640X – Civilians in the Hands of a Party to the Conflict .............................................................64410.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................64510.2 National-Level GC Implementation Measures ........................................................64710.3 Protected Person Status ............................................................................................64810.4 Derogation for Security Reasons .............................................................................65410.5 Humane Treatment and Other Basic Protections for Protected Persons ..................655xi
10.6 Measures of Control and Security............................................................................65910.7 General Treatment of Protected Persons in a Belligerent’s Home Territory ...........66210.8 Expulsion From Areas Within a Belligerent’s Home Territory and Departureand Transfers of Protected Persons From a Belligerent’s Home Territory .........66410.9 Internment ................................................................................................................66710.10 Segregation of Internees ........................................................................................67110.11 Safety, Hygiene, and Living Conditions in Places of Internment..........................67210.12 Canteens for Internees............................................................................................67510.13 Food, Water, Tobacco, and Clothing for Internees ................................................67710.14 Medical Attention for Internees .............................................................................67810.15 Religious Exercise by Internees .............................................................................68010.16 Intellectual, Physical, and Recreational Activities ................................................68210.17 Internee Labor ........................................................................................................68310.18 Internees’ Articles of Personal Use ........................................................................68510.19 Financial Resources of Internees ...........................................................................68610.20 Administration of Places of Internment and Discipline .........................................68910.21 Internee Petitions, Complaints, and Reports About Conditions ofInternment ............................................................................................................69010.22 Internee Committees ..............................................................................................69210.23 Internee Correspondence and Relief Shipments ....................................................69610.24 Private Legal Matters of Internees .........................................................................70310.25 Internees and Visits of Family and Friends ...........................................................70510.26 Internee Escapes.....................................................................................................70610.27 General Provisions Applicable to Both Judicial and Disciplinary SanctionsRegarding Internees .............................................................................................70710.28 Disciplinary Proceedings and Punishment.............................................................70810.29 Judicial Proceedings Regarding Protected Persons in Occupied Territory orInternees in a Belligerent’s Home Territory ........................................................71310.30 Transfers of Internees From the Place of Internment ............................................71710.31 National Accounting for Protected Persons in Its Power .......................................72010.32 Role of the Protecting Power in the GC.................................................................72510.33 Access to Internees by Protecting Powers, ICRC, and Other ReliefOrganizations .......................................................................................................72710.34 Death of Internees ..................................................................................................72910.35 Release, Return, Repatriation of Internees After the Close of Hostilities .............732XI – Military Occupation ..........................................................................................................73511.1 Introduction ..............................................................................................................73511.2 When Military Occupation Law Applies .................................................................74411.3 End of Occupation and Duration of GC Obligations ...............................................75011.4 Legal Position of the Occupying Power ..................................................................75211.5 Duty of the Occupying Power to Ensure Public Order and Safety ..........................75411.6 Protection of the Population of an Occupied Territory ............................................75611.7 Authority of the Occupying Power Over Inhabitants ..............................................75811.8 Administration of Occupied Territory .....................................................................761xii
Page 1: DEPARTMENTOFDEFENSELAW OFWARMANUALJ
Page 6 and 7: manuals of Germany, Australia, and
Page 8 and 9: TABLE OF CONTENTSForeword .........
Page 10 and 11: 5.15 Undefended Cities, Towns, and
Page 14 and 15: 11.9 Local Law and Legislation.....
Page 16 and 17: 16.1 Introduction .................
Page 18 and 19: LIST OF ABBREVIATIONSTo make the ma
Page 20 and 21: AbbreviationLong FormAP III Protoco
Page 22 and 23: AbbreviationGrotius, Law of War & P
Page 24 and 25: AbbreviationMessage from the Presid
Page 26 and 27: AbbreviationLong FormSpaight, Air P
Page 28 and 29: I - General BackgroundChapter Conte
Page 30 and 31: Citation to a particular source sho
Page 32 and 33: 1.2.4 Use of Signals in This Manual
Page 34 and 35: Signale.g.,Function and Examples of
Page 36 and 37: to armed conflict; and (4) law of w
Page 38 and 39: fashion, for comparison, the GC del
Page 40 and 41: As another example, to the extent t
Page 42 and 43: occupation, the fact of occupation
Page 44 and 45: element of war has been viewed as i
Page 46 and 47: Traditionally, war has often been d
Page 48 and 49: 1.6.2 Arms Control. Arms control is
Page 50 and 51: For example, the right to challenge
Page 52 and 53: ensure that a State Party’s oblig
Page 54 and 55: actions that would be lawful under
Page 56 and 57: interpretation when it constitutes
Page 58 and 59: that underlying principle. 136 For
Page 60 and 61: In addition, the persistent objecti
Page 62 and 63:
of that particular case. 153 The le
Page 64 and 65:
States may withdraw from a treaty.
Page 66 and 67:
1.10.2.2 Force of Customary Interna
Page 68 and 69:
condemnation under international la
Page 70 and 71:
1.11.2.1 U.N. Member State Obligati
Page 72 and 73:
The United States has expressed the
Page 74 and 75:
The Charter of the United Nations w
Page 76 and 77:
the right of self-defense, actions
Page 78 and 79:
2.1.2 Uses of Law of War Principles
Page 80 and 81:
concepts that explain when persons
Page 82 and 83:
The fact that law of war rules are
Page 84 and 85:
efficiently as possible. 41 Thus, m
Page 86 and 87:
justify actions not necessary to ac
Page 88 and 89:
2.4.1 Proportionality as a Limit on
Page 90 and 91:
purpose (e.g., not being made the o
Page 92 and 93:
ecause civilians generally do not w
Page 94 and 95:
This acceptance is a prerequisite f
Page 96 and 97:
command and conduct its operations
Page 98 and 99:
3.1.1 DoD Practice of Applying Law
Page 100 and 101:
3.2 SITUATIONS TO WHICH THE LAW OF
Page 102 and 103:
apply, while as between the States
Page 104 and 105:
3.3.3.3 Recognition of Friendly Arm
Page 106 and 107:
not determinative of whether the pe
Page 108 and 109:
hostilities and that jus in bello r
Page 110 and 111:
There are a variety of reasons why
Page 112 and 113:
A helpful rule of thumb may be that
Page 114 and 115:
3.5.2.2 Compliance With Jus ad Bell
Page 116 and 117:
the law of war, including military
Page 118 and 119:
Reciprocity is also reflected in th
Page 120 and 121:
e appropriate to apply the GWS and
Page 122 and 123:
3.8.1.1 Agreements to End Hostiliti
Page 124 and 125:
that are at war. 152152 Refer to §
Page 126 and 127:
This Chapter briefly addresses spec
Page 128 and 129:
States have departed from ancient a
Page 130 and 131:
4.3 LAWFUL COMBATANTS AND UNPRIVILE
Page 132 and 133:
“privileged” and “unprivilege
Page 134 and 135:
Combatants must only direct their a
Page 136 and 137:
4.4.3.1 Combatants - Legal Immunity
Page 138 and 139:
nationals whom it may capture among
Page 140 and 141:
The U.S. armed forces may also incl
Page 142 and 143:
interests of POWs dependent on the
Page 144 and 145:
government-in-exile or for a govern
Page 146 and 147:
(d) that of conducting their operat
Page 148 and 149:
4.6.1.3 Application of GPW 4A(2) Co
Page 150 and 151:
personnel responsible to higher aut
Page 152 and 153:
4.6.5 Carrying Arms Openly. Members
Page 154 and 155:
detained as a POW. 181 If a person
Page 156 and 157:
Civilians who engage in hostilities
Page 158 and 159:
individuals with a non-medical Mili
Page 160 and 161:
However, these individuals may be t
Page 162 and 163:
and religious personnel. 243 States
Page 164 and 165:
4.13.1 Auxiliary Medical Personnel
Page 166 and 167:
No special agreement may be conclud
Page 168 and 169:
the Protecting Powers shall take no
Page 170 and 171:
population because these persons ar
Page 172 and 173:
attack; (2) must accept the risk of
Page 174 and 175:
taking a direct part in hostilities
Page 176 and 177:
forces. 322 Under certain circumsta
Page 178 and 179:
material and who, by definition, wo
Page 180 and 181:
However, a person who seeks to send
Page 182 and 183:
Although spying and sabotage are no
Page 184 and 185:
4.18 PRIVATE PERSONS WHO ENGAGE IN
Page 186 and 187:
The denial of the privileges of com
Page 188 and 189:
individuals may be regarded as cons
Page 190 and 191:
4.19.1 Rules Applicable to the Trea
Page 192 and 193:
4.19.4.1 Unprivileged Belligerency
Page 194 and 195:
4.20.1.2 Identification for Childre
Page 196 and 197:
made a statement of understanding r
Page 198 and 199:
However, AP I defines “mercenary
Page 200 and 201:
4.23.1 Police as Civilians. In gene
Page 202 and 203:
incidental to an enemy attack or fr
Page 204 and 205:
impartiality distinguishes these hu
Page 206 and 207:
Protecting Power during armed confl
Page 208 and 209:
“competent tribunal” generally
Page 210 and 211:
V - The Conduct of HostilitiesChapt
Page 212 and 213:
casualties by taking additional pre
Page 214 and 215:
• Civilians must not be made the
Page 216 and 217:
feasible precautions must be taken
Page 218 and 219:
For example, if a commander determi
Page 220 and 221:
or executing military action must b
Page 222 and 223:
objectives. 64This manual generally
Page 224 and 225:
5.5.3.2 AP I Presumptions in Favor
Page 226 and 227:
Attacks on military objectives in t
Page 228 and 229:
the enemy force may recover to coun
Page 230 and 231:
as a surprise attack by enemy force
Page 232 and 233:
o neutralized zones, and persons an
Page 234 and 235:
This definition of military objecti
Page 236 and 237:
5.7.6 By its nature, location, purp
Page 238 and 239:
5.7.7.1 Capture or Neutralization.
Page 240 and 241:
The military advantage expected to
Page 242 and 243:
tank mines may be laid on such area
Page 244 and 245:
standing in a mess line, engaging i
Page 246 and 247:
• acting at the direction of the
Page 248 and 249:
The onus is on the person having be
Page 250 and 251:
of the 1949 Geneva Conventions, AP
Page 252 and 253:
conduct or sustain combat operation
Page 254 and 255:
o whether the act is traditionally
Page 256 and 257:
• police services (e.g., police o
Page 258 and 259:
has permanently ceased participatio
Page 260 and 261:
Hors de combat is used in Common Ar
Page 262 and 263:
5.10.4 Persons Rendered Unconscious
Page 264 and 265:
Persons deploying into combat by pa
Page 266 and 267:
5.11.1.2 That May Affect the Civili
Page 268 and 269:
military importance are located and
Page 270 and 271:
5.12.2.2 Harm Resulting From Enemy
Page 272 and 273:
If the proportionality rule were in
Page 274 and 275:
5.13 ATTACKS ON FACILITIES, WORKS,
Page 276 and 277:
civilian population may be increase
Page 278 and 279:
the personnel entrusted with the or
Page 280 and 281:
5.15 UNDEFENDED CITIES, TOWNS, AND
Page 282 and 283:
5.15.3 Declaration of a City as “
Page 284 and 285:
civilian police forces for the purp
Page 286 and 287:
shield military objectives from att
Page 288 and 289:
lives are valued by the adversary i
Page 290 and 291:
objective (that has been developed
Page 292 and 293:
5.17.3 Enemy Movable Property on th
Page 294 and 295:
• cultural property. 445In certai
Page 296 and 297:
5.17.5.1 Compensation for Property
Page 298 and 299:
works of art or places of worship w
Page 300 and 301:
and, in fact, contain, conserve, or
Page 302 and 303:
5.18.3.1 Imperative Military Necess
Page 304 and 305:
Similarly, if an opposing force use
Page 306 and 307:
This rule makes no distinction betw
Page 308 and 309:
5.18.7.4 Other Uses of the Distinct
Page 310 and 311:
Immovable cultural property of very
Page 312 and 313:
using any lawful and proportionate
Page 314 and 315:
not already been made and refused.
Page 316 and 317:
5.19.1.1 Belligerent Authority to E
Page 318 and 319:
However, such actions would now be
Page 320 and 321:
Power would have additional duties
Page 322 and 323:
• fighting in the enemy’s unifo
Page 324 and 325:
Sometimes, “perfidy” is used to
Page 326 and 327:
uniforms to kill or wound treachero
Page 328 and 329:
or (3) to impede enemy military ope
Page 330 and 331:
• facilitating surprise attacks o
Page 332 and 333:
• camouflage or deceptive lightin
Page 334 and 335:
• feigning civilian status to fac
Page 336 and 337:
Propaganda must not incite acts tha
Page 338 and 339:
Additional restrictions are applica
Page 340 and 341:
or customary international law has
Page 342 and 343:
If the weapon is not prohibited, th
Page 344 and 345:
In particular, weapons must not be
Page 346 and 347:
necessarily a legally prohibited we
Page 348 and 349:
6.5.3.2 Use of Tools to Stab or Cut
Page 350 and 351:
On the other hand, an explosive bul
Page 352 and 353:
comparable to, or more severe than,
Page 354 and 355:
6.5.5 Blast Weapons. Blast weapons
Page 356 and 357:
6.5.9 Autonomy in Weapon Systems. T
Page 358 and 359:
system design, testing of hardware
Page 360 and 361:
weapons and other specific rules, i
Page 362 and 363:
This manual generally uses the form
Page 364 and 365:
• the destruction or neutralizati
Page 366 and 367:
Like other determinations of custom
Page 368 and 369:
Few weapons have been understood to
Page 370 and 371:
use is required against a target of
Page 372 and 373:
een understood not to prohibit the
Page 374 and 375:
egardless of whether they are produ
Page 376 and 377:
for safety and security considerati
Page 378 and 379:
6.9.1.1 Toxin Weapons. The term tox
Page 380 and 381:
(a) “widespread”: encompassing
Page 382 and 383:
prohibited only if their use is cle
Page 384 and 385:
The term “mine” does not includ
Page 386 and 387:
Mines Protocol does not include non
Page 388 and 389:
6.12.3 Definition of “Other Devic
Page 390 and 391:
presence of commonly available mine
Page 392 and 393:
6.12.4.7 Mines Produced After Decem
Page 394 and 395:
• kitchen utensils or appliances,
Page 396 and 397:
cannot be directed at a specific mi
Page 398 and 399:
laying, antihandling devices (if an
Page 400 and 401:
• the area is monitored by milita
Page 402 and 403:
effects of minefields, mined areas,
Page 404 and 405:
areas, mines, booby-traps, and othe
Page 406 and 407:
The United States has announced pol
Page 408 and 409:
(UXO) across the range of intended
Page 410 and 411:
include: 3596.14.1.2 Examples of In
Page 412 and 413:
object of attack by incendiary weap
Page 414 and 415:
6.15 LASER WEAPONSIn general, laser
Page 416 and 417:
example, it would not be prohibited
Page 418 and 419:
advice and consent to ratification
Page 420 and 421:
6.17.4 Authority Under Domestic Law
Page 422 and 423:
is not a Party to AP I, the United
Page 424 and 425:
• the approximate number, type, a
Page 426 and 427:
• Explosive ordnance should be tr
Page 428 and 429:
6.20.2 Scope of the Obligations Cre
Page 430 and 431:
possible. Warnings and risk educati
Page 432 and 433:
In addition, peace treaties or simi
Page 434 and 435:
• the method of identifying the e
Page 436 and 437:
explosive ordnance that has become
Page 438 and 439:
for the protection of medical perso
Page 440 and 441:
No special agreement shall adversel
Page 442 and 443:
This rule does not prohibit States
Page 444 and 445:
7.3.2 Persons Entitled to Protectio
Page 446 and 447:
to proximity to military operations
Page 448 and 449:
wounded, sick, and shipwrecked, fro
Page 450 and 451:
ehind enemy lines or a submarine ma
Page 452 and 453:
For example, the prohibition on sub
Page 454 and 455:
7.5.2.5 Medical Attention Free of C
Page 456 and 457:
In order to implement these obligat
Page 458 and 459:
cannibalism of dead bodies is prohi
Page 460 and 461:
7.7.4 Handling of Enemy Battlefield
Page 462 and 463:
the exact location and markings of
Page 464 and 465:
For example, weapons may not be use
Page 466 and 467:
Such individuals may be held tempor
Page 468 and 469:
In no circumstances may retained pe
Page 470 and 471:
7.9.5.3 Visits of POWs Outside the
Page 472 and 473:
espected and protected by the parti
Page 474 and 475:
establishments and mobile medical u
Page 476 and 477:
armed such that they would appear t
Page 478 and 479:
7.10.5.1 Disposition of Buildings,
Page 480 and 481:
7.12 HOSPITAL SHIPS, SICK-BAYS IN W
Page 482 and 483:
equirements permit. 291 The same sh
Page 484 and 485:
inadvertent actions might also put
Page 486 and 487:
encryption more common. 315 Substan
Page 488 and 489:
Hospital ships that, in accordance
Page 490 and 491:
7.12.4.4 Stay in Neutral Ports. Ves
Page 492 and 493:
hospital ship. 347 For example, hos
Page 494 and 495:
means of control (such as directing
Page 496 and 497:
pursuant to an agreement, however,
Page 498 and 499:
7.15.1 The Distinctive Emblems: Red
Page 500 and 501:
may, without prejudice to their cur
Page 502 and 503:
7.15.3.2 Distinctive Emblem Does No
Page 504 and 505:
7.15.4.2 Use by International Red C
Page 506 and 507:
members of the armed forces are nur
Page 508 and 509:
wear on the left arm while carrying
Page 510 and 511:
7.19.2 Marking of Civilian Medical
Page 512 and 513:
deceased and of personal effects to
Page 514 and 515:
personnel and fill an important rol
Page 516 and 517:
operations, and provision for trans
Page 518 and 519:
In addition, as a general matter, a
Page 520 and 521:
8.2.2 Protection Against Humiliatin
Page 522 and 523:
Special consideration for more vuln
Page 524 and 525:
8.4.2 Additional U.S. Law and Polic
Page 526 and 527:
8.8 MEDICAL ATTENTIONWounded and si
Page 528 and 529:
8.10.3 Communication With Family. D
Page 530 and 531:
8.13 ADEQUATE WORKING CONDITIONSIf
Page 532 and 533:
8.14.3 Release When the Circumstanc
Page 534 and 535:
8.15.1 Registration of Detainees. T
Page 536 and 537:
conspiracy, joint criminal enterpri
Page 538 and 539:
IX - Prisoners of War (POWs)Chapter
Page 540 and 541:
The subsequent practice of States i
Page 542 and 543:
In addition to the agreements expre
Page 544 and 545:
favorable treatment of POWs held by
Page 546 and 547:
• persons who are nationals of th
Page 548 and 549:
shall enjoy the protection of the G
Page 550 and 551:
9.4.2.2 Notification of Offenses Pu
Page 552 and 553:
9.5.2.1 Prohibition on Killing of P
Page 554 and 555:
POWs may voluntarily consent to giv
Page 556 and 557:
provides for women POWs undergoing
Page 558 and 559:
9.7.2 Identity Documents. At no tim
Page 560 and 561:
9.8.1 Humane Treatment During Inter
Page 562 and 563:
Detaining Power shall take all suit
Page 564 and 565:
all the requirements of the GPW. 18
Page 566 and 567:
9.11.3 Location of POW Camps.9.11.3
Page 568 and 569:
The caveat that POW camps need to b
Page 570 and 571:
example, the POW camp may have camp
Page 572 and 573:
whether they are connected with pot
Page 574 and 575:
9.13.4 Clothing for POWs. Clothing,
Page 576 and 577:
malaria, and venereal disease. 274
Page 578 and 579:
exercise freely their ministry amon
Page 580 and 581:
To advance educational opportunitie
Page 582 and 583:
9.17.3.1 Use of Canteen Profits for
Page 584 and 585:
“POWs of equivalent rank” refer
Page 586 and 587:
POWs, the beneficiaries of the paym
Page 588 and 589:
9.18.6.3 Periodic Notification of t
Page 590 and 591:
9.19.1.2 Labor Assignment - Officer
Page 592 and 593:
9.19.3.1 Application of National Le
Page 594 and 595:
Power on which they depend, through
Page 596 and 597:
inferior to that which is provided
Page 598 and 599:
the POWs’ accounts with the Detai
Page 600 and 601:
The special agreements referred to
Page 602 and 603:
territories under its control. 466t
Page 604 and 605:
in them to deterioration; except in
Page 606 and 607:
9.22.2 POWs’ Status With Respect
Page 608 and 609:
equivalent rank. 509 Titles and ran
Page 610 and 611:
9.23.1.1 Making Requests and Compla
Page 612 and 613:
she represents. 539 Thus, POWs dist
Page 614 and 615:
has the right to commence his or he
Page 616 and 617:
• proposing repatriation for cert
Page 618 and 619:
any offenses committed by POWs. 589
Page 620 and 621:
9.25.2 Unsuccessful Escapes. POWs w
Page 622 and 623:
9.25.4 Special Surveillance of POWs
Page 624 and 625:
9.26.4 Retention of Benefits of the
Page 626 and 627:
9.27.1 POW Camp Authorities Who May
Page 628 and 629:
The duration of any single punishme
Page 630 and 631:
entrusted to the POW Representative
Page 632 and 633:
Any period spent by a POW in confin
Page 634 and 635:
held in camera in the interest of S
Page 636 and 637:
9.28.7 Conditions for POWs Serving
Page 638 and 639:
9.29.3 Procedures for Transfer of P
Page 640 and 641:
9.31 NATIONAL ACCOUNTING OF THE DET
Page 642 and 643:
Within the shortest possible period
Page 644 and 645:
States whose nationals benefit from
Page 646 and 647:
• death certificates of POWs; 782
Page 648 and 649:
9.33 ACCESS TO POWS BY THE PROTECTI
Page 650 and 651:
9.34.1 Transmittal of Wills. The De
Page 652 and 653:
Registration Service established by
Page 654 and 655:
9.35.2 Release and Repatriation of
Page 656 and 657:
9.36.2.1 Categories of Wounded, Inj
Page 658 and 659:
present themselves for examination
Page 660 and 661:
9.37.1 Agreements on POW Release an
Page 662 and 663:
For example, the availability of ma
Page 664 and 665:
POWs against whom criminal proceedi
Page 666 and 667:
POWs who are to be moved must be id
Page 668 and 669:
punishment. 928 In addition, any pe
Page 670 and 671:
9.39.2 Background on the U.S. Code
Page 672 and 673:
10.1 INTRODUCTIONThis Chapter addre
Page 674 and 675:
agreements or in subsequent agreeme
Page 676 and 677:
Although the GC addresses the prote
Page 678 and 679:
10.3.3 Categories of Nationals Spec
Page 680 and 681:
In the case of occupied territory,
Page 682 and 683:
10.4.4 Limits on Derogation. In eac
Page 684 and 685:
The GC’s prohibition against the
Page 686 and 687:
10.6 MEASURES OF CONTROL AND SECURI
Page 688 and 689:
Similarly, if the Occupying Power c
Page 690 and 691:
provisions of Article 40, be equal
Page 692 and 693:
10.8.2 Departures of Protected Pers
Page 694 and 695:
10.8.3.2 Responsibility Upon Transf
Page 696 and 697:
or who have been released from inte
Page 698 and 699:
hostilities to conclude agreements
Page 700 and 701:
in the daytime from the air. 182 Th
Page 702 and 703:
egard to hygiene and health, and pr
Page 704 and 705:
10.13 FOOD, WATER, TOBACCO, AND CLO
Page 706 and 707:
10.14.1.2 Right of Internees to Pre
Page 708 and 709:
10.15.1 Premises for Religious Serv
Page 710 and 711:
To advance educational opportunitie
Page 712 and 713:
10.17.3 Working Conditions. The Det
Page 714 and 715:
The amounts shall be paid into the
Page 716 and 717:
10.20 ADMINISTRATION OF PLACES OF I
Page 718 and 719:
Internees shall also have the right
Page 720 and 721:
10.22.2 Duties of Internee Committe
Page 722 and 723:
10.22.3.2 Assistants for the Member
Page 724 and 725:
10.23.2.2 No Delay in Correspondenc
Page 726 and 727:
The special agreements provided for
Page 728 and 729:
10.23.4.4 Costs of Transporting Rel
Page 730 and 731:
complaints, petitions, and reports
Page 732 and 733:
For the purpose of enabling interne
Page 734 and 735:
This requirement does not compel th
Page 736 and 737:
does not absolve the commandant of
Page 738 and 739:
• confinement. 471The duration of
Page 740 and 741:
epresentatives of the Protecting Po
Page 742 and 743:
provide an advocate or counsel. 499
Page 744 and 745:
territory, or the possibility of pr
Page 746 and 747:
movement by foot, the Detaining Pow
Page 748 and 749:
• the name and address of the per
Page 750 and 751:
from the Central Information Agency
Page 752 and 753:
ole of the Central Information Agen
Page 754 and 755:
• receiving up-to-date lists of l
Page 756 and 757:
constituted in occupied territory,
Page 758 and 759:
internees depended, through the Nat
Page 760 and 761:
no person shall be transferred to a
Page 762 and 763:
XI - Military OccupationChapter Con
Page 764 and 765:
This manual uses the terms “milit
Page 766 and 767:
The 1954 Hague Cultural Property Co
Page 768 and 769:
post-war situations (except for cer
Page 770 and 771:
the occupied territory. 40 For exam
Page 772 and 773:
The fact of occupation also imposes
Page 774 and 775:
11.2.2.2 “Under the Authority”
Page 776 and 777:
However, there is no specific legal
Page 778 and 779:
prevent the Occupying Power from ac
Page 780 and 781:
inhabitants of occupied territory.
Page 782 and 783:
as possible, public order and safet
Page 784 and 785:
occupied territory. 112 Specific co
Page 786 and 787:
no part whatever in the hostilities
Page 788 and 789:
11.8 ADMINISTRATION OF OCCUPIED TER
Page 790 and 791:
11.8.6 Civilian or Military Nature
Page 792 and 793:
inconsistent with the earlier law.
Page 794 and 795:
or repeal of existing laws, and of
Page 796 and 797:
11.11 CRIMINAL LAW IN OCCUPIED TERR
Page 798 and 799:
The Occupying Power may reform or e
Page 800 and 801:
punishable under the law in force a
Page 802 and 803:
occupied might repeal the death pen
Page 804 and 805:
The practical arrangements for the
Page 806 and 807:
persons; (2) that evacuations or tr
Page 808 and 809:
nationality, language, and religion
Page 810 and 811:
spread of contagious diseases and e
Page 812 and 813:
Religious assistance addressed by t
Page 814 and 815:
The occupation authorities may limi
Page 816 and 817:
However, such assessment must be ma
Page 818 and 819:
For example, private property may n
Page 820 and 821:
The term usufruct means literally
Page 822 and 823:
11.18.6.2 Seizure of Private Proper
Page 824 and 825:
of wounded personnel awaiting evacu
Page 826 and 827:
Should it prove necessary to take m
Page 828 and 829:
11.20.1.3 Prohibition Against Requi
Page 830 and 831:
• sanitary authorities;whether em
Page 832 and 833:
11.20.4 Voluntary Work Not Prohibit
Page 834 and 835:
duties conscientiously and not to a
Page 836 and 837:
If, due to the flight or unwillingn
Page 838 and 839:
not be taxed, 431 but the property
Page 840 and 841:
permissible. 444 Additionally, if t
Page 842 and 843:
11.22.4.2 Existing Debts Owed by th
Page 844 and 845:
The Occupying Power may also set ex
Page 846 and 847:
11.23.3 Control of Business in Occu
Page 848 and 849:
otherwise circumvent the restrictio
Page 850 and 851:
States may authorize their military
Page 852 and 853:
• to establish safe-conduct prote
Page 854 and 855:
• through the traditional mechani
Page 856 and 857:
information, or with the purpose of
Page 858 and 859:
include, for example, a driver and
Page 860 and 861:
Such acts of treachery include sabo
Page 862 and 863:
The terms military passport and saf
Page 864 and 865:
12.6.3.3 Safe-Conducts Contemplated
Page 866 and 867:
12.6.5 Revocation of Passports, Saf
Page 868 and 869:
communicate with his or her superio
Page 870 and 871:
12.8.5 General Effect of Capitulati
Page 872 and 873:
that has surrendered. Officers have
Page 874 and 875:
12.11 ARMISTICES AND OTHER CEASE-FI
Page 876 and 877:
General armistices are usually of a
Page 878 and 879:
provided always that the enemy is w
Page 880 and 881:
armistice; (3) the relations betwee
Page 882 and 883:
eleased or exchanged, specific prov
Page 884 and 885:
• the utilization of the occasion
Page 886 and 887:
Nations conclude cease-fire or armi
Page 888 and 889:
For example, the law of the sea pro
Page 890 and 891:
• determining the legal boundarie
Page 892 and 893:
United States claimed a three-nauti
Page 894 and 895:
13.2.3.1 High Seas Freedoms. States
Page 896 and 897:
of an archipelagic State. 51 No Sta
Page 898 and 899:
13.3.3.1 Entitlement of Vessels to
Page 900 and 901:
• taking to lifeboats.13.4 ENEMY
Page 902 and 903:
practicable, the personal effects o
Page 904 and 905:
Other civilian enemy nationals on b
Page 906 and 907:
navigational technology (e.g., glob
Page 908 and 909:
The immediate area or vicinity of n
Page 910 and 911:
over that airspace. 130 The right o
Page 912 and 913:
Zones may not be employed for the p
Page 914 and 915:
y a declaration of the belligerent
Page 916 and 917:
equirement of effectiveness does no
Page 918 and 919:
Attempted breach of a blockade occu
Page 920 and 921:
13.11.2 Peacetime Mining. Naval min
Page 922 and 923:
mines have been laid. This notice m
Page 924 and 925:
13.11.3.7 Neutralization of Naval M
Page 926 and 927:
The rules concerning deception by b
Page 928 and 929:
States affected, whether as bellige
Page 930 and 931:
civil aircraft.” 18 Assuming that
Page 932 and 933:
• airspace over that State’s la
Page 934 and 935:
Under Article 3 of the 1944 Chicago
Page 936 and 937:
14.3 AIRCRAFT STATUS14.3.1 State Ve
Page 938 and 939:
Belligerent military aircraft gener
Page 940 and 941:
14.4.3aircrew.Downed Aircrew. There
Page 942 and 943:
In addition, interception may not b
Page 944 and 945:
international airspace. Such zones
Page 946 and 947:
the rights and obligations of State
Page 948 and 949:
equirement to use precision-guided
Page 950 and 951:
Outer space may be viewed as analog
Page 952 and 953:
space is the same as its applicatio
Page 954 and 955:
other international law. 166 This i
Page 956 and 957:
XV - The Law of NeutralityChapter C
Page 958 and 959:
impartiality to which neutrals have
Page 960 and 961:
addition, a State may have an oblig
Page 962 and 963:
State to observe the duties of neut
Page 964 and 965:
15.2.3.1 Consistency Between the Ru
Page 966 and 967:
15.2.4 Neutrality Under Regional an
Page 968 and 969:
15.3.2.1 Duty to Refrain From Provi
Page 970 and 971:
15.3.3 Correlative or Reciprocal Na
Page 972 and 973:
for self-defense, belligerent force
Page 974 and 975:
neutral State’s ports and waters
Page 976 and 977:
Neutral States shall not oppose the
Page 978 and 979:
For example, neutral persons who ma
Page 980 and 981:
In the event that such a person is
Page 982 and 983:
• a neutral State’s exclusive e
Page 984 and 985:
15.7.4.1 Right of Entry in Distress
Page 986 and 987:
Belligerent State forces exercising
Page 988 and 989:
A belligerent warship may not leave
Page 990 and 991:
If the prize does not leave as soon
Page 992 and 993:
situation would fall under the gene
Page 994 and 995:
This rule on railway material has s
Page 996 and 997:
Whether it is possible to distingui
Page 998 and 999:
and contraband goods may be capture
Page 1000 and 1001:
A similar procedure was used during
Page 1002 and 1003:
nationality are exempt from visit a
Page 1004 and 1005:
vessels or aircraft also may be dee
Page 1006 and 1007:
y a belligerent as enemy merchant v
Page 1008 and 1009:
capture of neutral-flagged vessels
Page 1010 and 1011:
15.15.4.2 Enemy Nationals Found Onb
Page 1012 and 1013:
If such measures were not taken, th
Page 1014 and 1015:
Provisions of the GWS and GWS-Sea a
Page 1016 and 1017:
elong. Similarly, captured war mate
Page 1018 and 1019:
Such special agreements must not ad
Page 1020 and 1021:
care of the neutral State, must be
Page 1022 and 1023:
16.1.1 Cyberspace as a Domain. As a
Page 1024 and 1025:
The law of war affirmatively antici
Page 1026 and 1027:
that cripple a military’s logisti
Page 1028 and 1029:
16.3.3.3 Responses to Hostile or Ma
Page 1030 and 1031:
and that a neutral State would have
Page 1032 and 1033:
addition, the economic harms in the
Page 1034 and 1035:
the potential to produce less incid
Page 1036 and 1037:
indiscriminate weapon. 7878 United
Page 1038 and 1039:
etween non-international armed conf
Page 1040 and 1041:
“small wars” has also been used
Page 1042 and 1043:
international armed conflict. Certa
Page 1044 and 1045:
• the Amended CCW, including Prot
Page 1046 and 1047:
following guidelines may be helpful
Page 1048 and 1049:
internees under the GPW and GC, res
Page 1050 and 1051:
As a practical matter, non-State ar
Page 1052 and 1053:
17.4 A STATE’S USE OF ITS DOMESTI
Page 1054 and 1055:
17.4.2 Emergency Laws and Regulatio
Page 1056 and 1057:
17.5 PRINCIPLE OF DISTINCTION IN NI
Page 1058 and 1059:
17.5.2 Distinguishing State Forces
Page 1060 and 1061:
17.6.6 Prohibition on Offering of R
Page 1062 and 1063:
17.8 IMPARTIAL HUMANITARIAN ORGANIZ
Page 1064 and 1065:
population, such as foodstuffs, agr
Page 1066 and 1067:
17.11.2 Obligations to Respect Cult
Page 1068 and 1069:
17.13 WEAPONS IN NIAC17.13.1 Prohib
Page 1070 and 1071:
The respect and protection afforded
Page 1072 and 1073:
hostile acts, outside their humanit
Page 1074 and 1075:
detention of protected persons in i
Page 1076 and 1077:
The consent of the territorial Stat
Page 1078 and 1079:
17.18.3 States’ Support to Other
Page 1080 and 1081:
18.1.1 DoD Policy on Implementing a
Page 1082 and 1083:
18.1.3 International or Multi-Natio
Page 1084 and 1085:
18.2.3 Maintaining Public Support a
Page 1086 and 1087:
18.3.2.2 Commands and Orders Should
Page 1088 and 1089:
there is no absolute or automatic r
Page 1090 and 1091:
Working Group develops and coordina
Page 1092 and 1093:
policy has required, as a general m
Page 1094 and 1095:
18.7.1 Treaty Provisions Specifical
Page 1096 and 1097:
their interpretation of the obligat
Page 1098 and 1099:
crimes committed by all persons, in
Page 1100 and 1101:
• torture or inhuman treatment, i
Page 1102 and 1103:
Such measures may also be understoo
Page 1104 and 1105:
18.9.5.3 War Crimes - Serious Viola
Page 1106 and 1107:
18.12.1 Investigation by the U.N. S
Page 1108 and 1109:
aspects of the jurisdiction of the
Page 1110 and 1111:
policy has been in addition to othe
Page 1112 and 1113:
een established, the parties to the
Page 1114 and 1115:
The State appointed to be a Protect
Page 1116 and 1117:
18.15.4 Lending of Good Offices to
Page 1118 and 1119:
18.16.3 Payment or Other Compensati
Page 1120 and 1121:
Because retorsion, by definition, d
Page 1122 and 1123:
18.18.2.2 Exhaustion of Other Means
Page 1124 and 1125:
• hospital ships. 211Measures of
Page 1126 and 1127:
insofar as their interpretation doe
Page 1128 and 1129:
members of a State’s armed forces
Page 1130 and 1131:
This provision may also be used to
Page 1132 and 1133:
abroad, even though Uniform Code of
Page 1134 and 1135:
member of the U.S. Armed Forces, wh
Page 1136 and 1137:
18.20.2 International Criminal Trib
Page 1138 and 1139:
provides that the ICC may not proce
Page 1140 and 1141:
More recently, hybrid tribunals hav
Page 1142 and 1143:
In the past, neutral States general
Page 1144 and 1145:
perform. 302 On the other hand, as
Page 1146 and 1147:
law is responsible therefor and lia
Page 1148 and 1149:
In cases in which the illegality of
Page 1150 and 1151:
18.23.3 Command Responsibility. Com
Page 1152 and 1153:
commission. 344 This theory of liab
Page 1154 and 1155:
offense under the Military Commissi
Page 1156 and 1157:
• cases of co-perpetration where
Page 1158 and 1159:
XIX Documentary Appendix - Notes on
Page 1160 and 1161:
• Hague Convention IX of October
Page 1162 and 1163:
19.2.2 Arms Control Agreements to W
Page 1164 and 1165:
• Second Protocol to the Hague Co
Page 1166 and 1167:
the Lieber Code reflect 19th centur
Page 1168 and 1169:
calculated to cause unnecessary suf
Page 1170 and 1171:
November 27, 1909. 88 This treaty w
Page 1172 and 1173:
19.8.2.2 Relationship Between the 1
Page 1174 and 1175:
take effect on the deposit of all t
Page 1176 and 1177:
This treaty followed the 1899 Decla
Page 1178 and 1179:
19.14 1930 LONDON TREATY FOR THE LI
Page 1180 and 1181:
The 1949 Geneva Conventions followe
Page 1182 and 1183:
addresses non-international armed c
Page 1184 and 1185:
In general, the GC uses the concept
Page 1186 and 1187:
19.18 VIENNA CONVENTION ON THE LAW
Page 1188 and 1189:
This manual references AP I provisi
Page 1190 and 1191:
• reprisals. 22119.20.2 AP II. Pr
Page 1192 and 1193:
an amended Protocol II; (2) Protoco
Page 1194 and 1195:
Similarly, before the United States
Page 1196 and 1197:
Protocol includes more detailed res
Page 1198 and 1199:
is prohibited by the rule against w
Page 1200 and 1201:
advice and consent to ratification,
Page 1202 and 1203:
supported ICC efforts in certain ca
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