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17.11.2 Obligations to Respect Cultural Property. The obligation to respect culturalproperty includes essentially negative duties, i.e., duties to refrain from acts of hostility directedagainst cultural property and duties to refrain from the use of cultural property in support ofmilitary operations where such use is not imperatively necessary. 147For example, parties to a conflict must not direct acts of hostility against culturalproperty, its immediate surroundings, or appliances in use for its protection, unless such action isrequired by imperative military necessity. 148In addition, no use should be made of cultural property, its immediate surroundings, orappliances in use for its protection, for purposes that are likely to expose it to destruction ordamage in the event of armed conflict, unless such action is required by imperative militarynecessity. 14917.12 USE OF CAPTURED OR SURRENDERED ENEMY PERSONNEL IN NIACIn contrast to the rules during international armed conflict, State forces may use capturedor surrendered enemy personnel in operations against enemy non-State armed groups. Thecooperation of enemy personnel may not, however, be procured through illegal methods.17.12.1 Compelling Captured or Surrendered Enemy Personnel to Take Part in theConflict. During international armed conflict, it is prohibited to compel the nationals of thehostile party to take part in the operations of war directed against their own country. 150Additional restrictions apply with respect to POWs, retained personnel, protected persons in thehome territory of a belligerent, and protected persons in occupied territory. 151These rules, however, do not apply during non-international armed conflict. Underinternational law, a State may compel its nationals to serve in its armed forces and to fightagainst non-State armed groups. 152 For example, in contrast to POWs, captured insurgents who147 Refer to § 5.18.2 (Respect and Safeguarding of Cultural Property). Consider AP II art. 16 (“Without prejudice tothe provisions of the Hague Convention for the Protection of Cultural Property in the Event of Armed Conflict of 14May 1954, it is prohibited to commit any acts of hostility directed against historic monuments, works of art or placesof worship which constitute the cultural or spiritual heritage of peoples, and to use them in support of the militaryeffort.”).148 Refer to § 5.18.5 (Refraining From Any Act of Hostility).149 Refer to § 5.18.3 (Refraining From Any Use for Purposes That Are Likely to Expose It to Destruction orDamage).150 Refer to § 5.27 (Prohibition Against Compelling Enemy Nationals to Take Part in the Operations of War DirectedAgainst Their Own Country).151 Refer to § 9.19.2.3 (Labor Assignments That May Be Compelled); § 7.9.5.6 (No Other Compulsory Duties);§ 10.7.3 (Compulsory Work for Protected Persons in a Belligerent’s Home Territory); § 11.20.1.1 (Prohibition onCompulsory Service in an Occupying Power’s Armed Forces).152 Refer to § 4.5.2.4 (Draftees).1039