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example, pretending to be a civilian would not constitute a ruse, although it may be a permissibledeception in certain circumstances. 6935.25.1.4 Ruses – Notes on Terminology. The term “ruse” is sometimes used as alegal term of art to mean deceptions that are not prohibited by the law of war. In other cases,“ruse” may be used as a factual term to mean a deception that may or may not be prohibited bythe law of war, and thus the distinction is made between “lawful” and “unlawful” ruses. 694In this manual, the term “ruse” is used to indicate a certain category of permissibledeceptions.5.25.2 Examples of Ruses. Often, ruses of war operate by misleading the enemy as to theidentity, strength, position, or disposition of one’s own forces. Ruses of war include, but are notlimited to: 695• decoys or dummy materials, such as dummy weapons, equipment, ships, aircraft, andbuildings; 696• feigned activity or inactivity, such aso simulating quiet;o feigned flights, retreats, attacks, marches, 697 movements (e.g., approaching adestination indirectly 698 ), supply movements, operations, withdrawals, or camp;• mimicking other friendly forces; 699693 Refer to § 5.25.3 (Examples of Other Deceptions That Are Not Prohibited).694 1956 FM 27-10 (Change No. 1 1976) 50 (“Ruses of war are legitimate so long as they do not involve treacheryor perfidy on the party of the belligerent resorting to them.”).695 Consider AP I art. 37 (giving as examples of lawful ruses “the use of camouflage, decoys, mock operations andmisinformation”).696 For example, SPAIGHT, WAR RIGHTS ON LAND 153-54 (“The ‘Quaker guns’—logs shaped like ordinary cannonand mounted on wheels—which the Confederates used at Vicksburg to induce the besieging Federals to credit themwith an heavier armament than they possessed…[were a] legitimate ruse[] of war.”).697 For example, SPAIGHT, AIR POWER AND WAR RIGHTS 186 (“The ruse of reversing temporarily the direction of amarch was used on both sides in the first world war. ‘Aeroplane observers can easily be deceived by a body of theenemy who, on sighting the aeroplane, move at once in a contrary direction to that of the real march, and turn backas soon as the machine has gone to give the news.’…[A] Turkish order which was captured in the Kara Tepeoperations in Mesopotamia in December, 1917, instruct[ed] the Turkish infantry to try to deceive the Britishaeroplanes by setting out at once upon the march towards Jebel Hamrin if the aeroplanes came into sight and only toreturn to Kara Tepe upon the withdrawal of the aeroplanes.”).698 For example, SPAIGHT, AIR POWER AND WAR RIGHTS 187 (“The outstanding example of the technique of indirectapproach is to be found in the raid on Munich on the night of 24 April, 1944. A force of Lancasters left England inthe evening and made for north Italy; they crossed the French Alps and flew nearly to Milan; then they suddenlychanged direction to the north-east and flew to Munich, which was heavily bombed. The feint took the Germanscompletely by surprise and the raiders’ losses were extremely low. The bewilderment of the defences was increasedby the fact that Karlsruhe was attacked, after direct approach, on the same night.”).304