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neutral State’s ports and waters as a base of naval operations against their adversaries, 94 and aneutral State has a corresponding obligation to prevent such use. 95The prohibition against the use of neutral territory as a base of operations extends to anyhostile expeditions against a belligerent State, and thus includes such expeditions by non-Stateactors. 96 For example, a neutral State has an obligation to prevent the arming of any vesselwithin its jurisdiction that is intended to engage in hostile operations against a State with which itis at peace and to prevent the departure from its jurisdiction of any vessel intended to engage inhostile operations that has been adapted entirely or partly within such jurisdiction for use inwar. 97The prohibition on the use of neutral territory as a base of operations includesprohibitions against (1) outfitting hostile expeditions with supplies and services; (2) recruitingforces in neutral territory; (3) establishing military communications facilities in neutral territory;and (4) moving belligerent forces or convoys of military supplies on land.15.5.1 Prohibition on Outfitting Hostile Expeditions With Supplies and Services for aBelligerent From Neutral Territory. It is forbidden to permit the use of the neutral State’sterritory for the fitting out of hostile expeditions. 98 As a case in point, a belligerent State’swarships may not make use of a neutral State’s ports, roadsteads, and territorial waters tobases of belligerent operations.”); 1955 NWIP 10-2 442 (“Belligerents are forbidden to use neutral territory,territorial sea, or air space as a base for hostile operations.”).94 1928 PAN AMERICAN MARITIME NEUTRALITY CONVENTION art. 4 (“Under the terms of the preceding article, abelligerent state is forbidden: a) To make use of neutral waters as a base of naval operations against the enemy, orto renew or augment military supplies or the armament of its ships, or to complete the equipment of the latter;”);HAGUE XIII art. 5 (“Belligerents are forbidden to use neutral ports and waters as a base of naval operations againsttheir adversaries, and in particular to erect wireless telegraphy stations or any apparatus for the purpose ofcommunicating with the belligerent forces on land or sea.”).95 See, e.g., Treaty between the United States and Great Britain, art. 6, May 8, 1871, 17 STAT. 863, 865 (“A neutralGovernment is bound – Secondly, not to permit or suffer either belligerent to make use of its ports or waters as thebase of naval operations against the other, or for the purpose of the renewal or augmentation of military supplies orarms, or the recruitment of men.”). Refer to § 15.3.2.2 (Duty to Prevent Violations of Neutrality Within ItsJurisdiction).96 Refer to § 17.18.1 (Duty of Non-Belligerent States to Refrain From Supporting Hostilities by Non-State ArmedGroups Against Other States).97 HAGUE XIII art. 8 (“A neutral Government is bound to employ the means at its disposal to prevent the fitting outor arming of any vessel within its jurisdiction which it has reason to believe is intended to cruise, or engage inhostile operations, against a Power with which that Government is at peace. It is also bound to display the samevigilance to prevent the departure from its jurisdiction of any vessel intended to cruise, or engage in hostileoperations, which has been adapted entirely or partly within the said jurisdiction for use in war.”); Treaty betweenthe United States and Great Britain, art. 6, May 8, 1871, 17 STAT. 863, 865 (“A neutral Government is bound – First,to use due diligence to prevent the fitting out, arming, or equipping, within its jurisdiction, of any vessel which it hasreasonable ground to believe is intended to cruise or to carry on war against a power with which it is at peace; andalso to use like diligence to prevent the departure from its jurisdiction of any vessel intended to cruise or carry onwar as above, such vessel having been specially adapted, in whole or in part, within such jurisdiction, to warlikeuse.”).98 1956 FM 27-10 (Change No. 1 1976) 526 (“It is also forbidden to permit the use of its territory for the fitting outof hostile expeditions.”).947