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and safe access to the ports and coasts of a neutral State and, unless military requirements do notpermit, in other cases where normal navigation routes are affected. 14513.9.5 Procedures for Declaring a Zone. As a matter of practice, maritime and/or aerialwarnings (e.g., HYDROLANT, HYDROPAC, Notice to Airmen (NOTAM)) would ordinarily bepromulgated as part of the establishment of a maritime or airspace zone.13.10 BLOCKADEA blockade is an operation by a belligerent State to prevent vessels and/or aircraft of allStates, enemy as well as neutral, from entering or exiting specified ports, airfields, or coastalareas belonging to, occupied by, or under the control of an enemy belligerent State. 14613.10.1 Purpose of Blockade and Belligerent Rights Associated With Blockade. Thepurpose of a blockade is to deprive the adversary of supplies needed to conduct hostilities. 147A blockade enables the blockading State to control traffic in the blockaded area. Ablockade also enables the blockading State to take measures on the high seas to deny supplies toa blockaded area. 148 For example, a blockading State has the right to visit and search vessels onthe high seas to enforce its blockade. 14913.10.2criteria.Criteria for Blockades. In order to be binding, a blockade must meet certain13.10.2.1 Authority for the Establishment of a Blockade. A blockade must beestablished by proper legal authority. The establishment of a blockade has been accomplished145 2007 NWP 1-14M 7.9 (“Belligerents creating such zones must provide safe passage through the zone for neutralvessels and aircraft where the geographical extent of the zone significantly impedes free and safe access to the portsand coasts of a neutral state and, unless military requirements do not permit, in other cases where normal navigationroutes are affected.”).146 2007 NWP 1-14M 7.7.1 (“Blockade is a belligerent operation to prevent vessels and/or aircraft of all nations,enemy as well as neutral, from entering or exiting specified ports, airfields, or coastal areas belonging to, occupiedby, or under the control of an enemy nation.”); 1997 NWP 9 7.7.1 (same); 1989 NWP 9 7.7.1 (same); 1955 NWIP10-2 632a (“A blockade is a belligerent operation intended to prevent vessels of all States from entering or leavingspecified coastal areas which are under the sovereignty, under the occupation, or under the control of an enemy.”).147 ICRC AP COMMENTARY 654 (2095) (“It should be emphasized that the object of a blockade is to deprive theadversary of supplies needed to conduct hostilities, and not to starve civilians.”).148 John Reese Stevenson, Department of State, Legal Adviser, Letter dated June 6, 1972, reprinted in Steven C.Nelson, Contemporary Practice of the United States Relating to International Law, 66 AJIL 836, 837 (1972) (“Tohave declared a blockade could have implied, under traditional international law, a whole range of actions whichwould have extended the area of hostilities and risked grave dangers of widening the conflict. The traditional law ofblockade requires a formal declaration of the establishment of the blockade and notification of it to all states. Ablockade must be ‘effective’ in preventing all ingress or egress—including commercial trade and activities—from orto the enemy's coast. The blockading state would have the right to stop vessels of any nation anywhere on the highseas, to inspect and search such vessels, to seize them if they are bound to or from the blockaded ports, andeventually to condemn them and their cargos in a prize court. Ships attempting to violate the blockade could betaken under fire should they fail to stop on order.”).149 Refer to § 15.13.1 (Purposes of Visit and Search).886