Université de Montréal - Thèse sous forme numérique

145scenes: ―Whereas a scene is defined in terms of pieces of abstract (and possibly nonlinguistic)knowledge, the notion of a frame is concerned with the properties of concretelinguistic means of expressing this kind of knowledge‖ (Schmidt 2009: 103). Finally,using the WordNet approach the author partitions the LUs into a number of synsets,which, in turn, are (partly) organised into a number of concept hierarchies.For example, a scene called Match has 11 frames: [Match], [Home_Game],[Away_Game], [Result], [Victory], [Defeat], [Draw], [Progression], [Elimination],[Match_Temporal_Subdivision], [Start_End_Match]. Each frame contains a certainnumber of terms which belong to a synset which, in turn, may belong to a concepthierarchy. With this kind of description, the Kicktionary is able to provide the user withthree possibilities of research, i.e. by LUs, by scenes (which include frames) and byconceptual hierarchies (―hypernymy/hyponymy‖, ―holonymy/meronymy‖ and―troponymy‖). Scenes are often illustrated with one or more schematic diagramsbecause they are a language-independent way of organizing multilingual vocabulary.Schmidt justifies his bottom-up methodology (in contrast to FrameNet‘s topdownprocedure of frame by frame) by saying that, although FrameNet uses empiricaldata, it does not use an empirical methodology. In fact, while following a top-downapproach, FrameNet lexicographers may miss an important member of a frame becausethey simply did not think of it or they may not cover all senses of a word because theyhaven‘t got to that frame. Using a bottom-up approach may prevent this.As mentioned, whereas FrameNet was originally developed for one languageonly, the Kicktionary was developed for three. Based on Boas‘s idea (2005) accordingto which semantic frames can act as a kind of interlingua for multilingual resources,Schmidt uses scenes-and-frames analysis as a type of language-neutral backbone for theidentification of equivalents (Schmidt 2009: 107-110). However, this task is greatly