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56anisomorphism between legal terms such as arguido and suspect. Bearing in mind thedescription of the most important characteristics of legal terminologies we provided insub-chapter 2.1.1, it should be by now clear why interlingual comparison may beparticularly challenging in the subject field of law.Figure 8. Interlingual divergences in Wüster‘s English-Frenchdictionary, The Machine Tool (1968)
572.2.3. Qualitative and quantitative discrimination of equivalentsDue to the phenomena of anisomorphism and directionality, the first and last types ofequivalence discussed in the previous section (cognitive equivalence andterminological) are usually attributed a gradation from full through partial to zero.Therefore, our next step must be to identify the typologies of degrees described in theliterature as well as the criteria underlying them.There are two different typologies: a qualitative one based on the nature ofequivalence and a quantitative one based on the number of equivalents (Duda et al.1986). The terminology used to refer to the different degrees of equivalence as well asthe classifications thereof proposed in the literature vary widely. As for the qualitativetypology of equivalence, most authors seem to agree that there are three main degrees ofequivalence: full equivalence, partial equivalence and zero equivalence. Variations canbe seen in the terminology used to differentiate types of partial equivalence.In lexicography, Yong and Peng (2007) identify five types of partialequivalence: analytical equivalents, approximative equivalents, synthetic equivalents,subordinate equivalents and superordinate equivalents. Svensén (2009) distinguishesbetween convergence and divergence. In terminology, Felber (1987) distinguishesbetween overlapping and inclusion. Arnzt (1993) adopts the same classification.Nielsen (1994) talks about inclusion and intersection. Šarčević (2000) makes the samedistinction but adds that functional equivalence is usually a type of partial equivalence.Van Campehoudt (2001) makes the same distinction as Nielsen but he specifiesinclusion types: inclusion and hyponymy and inclusion and meronymy. Thiry (2006)concentrates on the reasons why equivalents are only partial.
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Université de MontréalFaculté de
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iiiframework to the compilation of
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vd‘autres contributions ayant dé
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vii2.3.1. The theory of classes of
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x5.3.1. Full equivalents ..........
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xiiTable 23. The frame [Proof] grou
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xviiTypographical conventionsTerms:
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xixTo my parents, Fátima and João
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1. IntroductionThis research studie
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3translator can understand the mean
Page 27 and 28: 5theoretical frameworks that have b
Page 29 and 30: 2. The state of the artIn order to
Page 31 and 32: 9terminology of Canadian and Portug
Page 33 and 34: 11Translation:Legal discourse is in
Page 35 and 36: 13possible? The question of transla
Page 37 and 38: 152.1.2. GenresAccording to Gémar
Page 39 and 40: 17Genre studies are consensual in d
Page 41 and 42: 19Figure 1. Typology of legal texts
Page 43 and 44: 21the two typologies. For example,
Page 45 and 46: 23In Canada as in Portugal, dispute
Page 47 and 48: 25judgments. He argues that knowled
Page 49 and 50: 27Maingueneau (2004) for whom build
Page 51 and 52: 29find equivalents in a systematic
Page 53 and 54: 31(2005) and most recently in Adams
Page 55 and 56: 33the langue-related concept of equ
Page 57 and 58: 352.2.1.2. Concepts and designation
Page 59 and 60: 37in Hartmann and James (1998: 51)
Page 61 and 62: 392.2.1.4. Semantic content and col
Page 63 and 64: 41―Vocabulary type‖ refers to r
Page 65 and 66: 43A concept can only be understood
Page 67 and 68: 45assistance to identify and valida
Page 69 and 70: 47(intertextual). Cop (1991: 2776)
Page 71 and 72: 49Functional equivalenceZgusta (198
Page 73 and 74: 51particular purpose in mind: ―Ä
Page 75 and 76: 53Table 2. Anisomorphism: example o
Page 77: 55in such a way that they are compo
Page 81 and 82: 59be cases of full equivalence with
Page 83 and 84: Graphicalrepresentation of therelat
Page 85 and 86: 63For instance, in Figure 10 saudad
Page 87 and 88: 65Another example of insufficient c
Page 89 and 90: 67appears and then skims texts in t
Page 91 and 92: 69equivalents but she also maintain
Page 93 and 94: 71defined by taking into account th
Page 95 and 96: 73Among these studies, some contrib
Page 97 and 98: 75other words or sequences of words
Page 99 and 100: 77The third type of verbs, i.e. pol
Page 101 and 102: 79author applied to the selection o
Page 103 and 104: 81represent synonymy, antonymy, nom
Page 105 and 106: 83contexts, but also a hyperlink ca
Page 107 and 108: 85The typology of verbs appearing i
Page 109 and 110: 87Phraseological verbs are predicat
Page 111 and 112: 89temperature rises; the air circul
Page 113 and 114: 91examples, they state that discurs
Page 115 and 116: 93Another problem with this represe
Page 117 and 118: 95connective verbs are simple verbs
Page 119 and 120: 97different. The criteria designed
Page 121 and 122: 99to show the mismatch that occurs
Page 123 and 124: 101content from the perspective of
Page 125 and 126: 103mesma quantia global, de 6151000
Page 127 and 128: 105entities with authority to trans
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107Nevertheless, Pimentel and L‘H
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109In 1995, L‘Homme proposes a me
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111these reasons, we believe it rem
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113But in order to understand Frame
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115Par exemple, les règles de sous
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117the nature of language‖, that
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119This kind of understanding by th
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121Firstly, according to him, seman
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123exchanging the goods for money (
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125As mentioned in the previous sec
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127Quarreling:(3, 9) the participan
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129corresponds to a semantic type w
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131Figure 21. Lexical entry report
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133parent frame. The frame [Quarrel
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1353.2.2.2. Environmental ScienceAn
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137Figure 23. The Coastal Engineeri
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139Spanish terms that are reported
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141the FrameNet methodology will be
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143Agnoloni et al. (2010). Followin
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145scenes: ―Whereas a scene is de
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Table 9. Confirming cross-linguisti
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149Table 10. Summary of the annotat
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151Contrary to the FrameNet approac
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153Also, in an article entitled ―
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155support for the characterization
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157period in which the texts were w
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159for Brazilian Portuguese). The E
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161case. In its written form, an ac
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163Table 14. Beginning of the thema
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165The decisão is the final sectio
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167In order to identify the content
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1694.1.3.3. ExpertsAll authors of t
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171The ―Introduction‖ states th
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173favourable decisions are quite s
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1754.1.4.1. FunctionPortuguese and
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177semble impliquer qu‘ils doiven
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179Figure 24. Bottom-up approach4.3
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181Despite this word of caution, we
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183evokes the last stage of the cri
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185Finally, some candidate terms we
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187Due to the differences in the nu
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189making an oral agreement. In thi
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191is a substantially higher one th
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193concur 1L'Heureux-Dubé J. disse
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195Although the occurrences of the
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197[Constitutionality]infringe 1 ,
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199Table 18. comply 1 , infringe 1
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201have the same number and type of
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203< FE nom="">< FE nom="">vtFigure
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205After hearing his alibi evidence
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207declarar 1Como é sabido, o Trib
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209Sometimes the target term shares
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211FEs that correspond to prepositi
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213the hearing judgeFigure 40. Anno
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215the indication of the reference.
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217the first meaning was related to
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219cumprir 1 ; 2) exceed 1 and viol
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221the semantic nature of the terms
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Portuguese223Agency, authority, BNS
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2255.1.1. Portuguese termsCandidate
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2276. Ambiguity between the past pa
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229a legal genre set out in the fir
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231as Prata (2005) and Prata et al.
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2331. Ambiguity between the past fo
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235(section 5.1.1.2.1); the second
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237corpus, the action of adducing i
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239draw some considerations on the
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241extraction of Portuguese terms b
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243The second half of the frame des
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Portuguese245artigo, lei, lei pream
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247We can observe that both terms e
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249the core FEs correspond to the a
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251resolve 1[1] This Court can reso
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253are not responsible for applying
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255Table 27. Linguistic realization
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263Table 33 illustrates that the se
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265Tabela 35. Linguistic realizatio
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267LAW and ISSUE. For all these rea
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PortugueseEnglsih269Table 36. amend
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271The application of the aforement
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273propugnar 1Por último, na conte
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PortugueseEnglish275Table 37. The f
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277The following pairs of verbs are
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279This frame groups together one E
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281The scenario includes two core F
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PortugueseEnglish283For instance, a
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285Translation:* Este Tribunal pode
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English287Table 42. The [Order] fra
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289considered candidate equivalents
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291Supreme Court judgments not only
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293Figure 45. Alphabetical list of
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295As in DiCoInfo (L‘Homme 2008),
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297the term dismiss 1 the actantial
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299In the annotated contexts (Figur
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301expression in sentences containi
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303Finally, as the task of annotati
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305The study started with the revie
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307As the research specifically aim
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309study: a larger amount of terms;
Page 333 and 334:
311Atkins, S. and M. Rundell (2008)
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313Carreno, I. (2005). Analyse de l
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315Devinat, M. (2005). La règle pr
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317Fontenelle, T. (2000). ―A Bili
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319Gross, G. and F. Guenthner (2002
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321L‘Homme, M.-C. (2003). ―Capt
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323McEnery, A. and Z. Xiao (2007).
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325Reimerink, A. and P. Faber. (200
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327Searle, J. (1983). Intentionalit
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329Terminologiewissenschaft = Langu
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IIDecisão Texto Integral:Acordam n
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IVAppendix 2. Indexing terms of the
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Appendix 3. A Canadian judgmentVISU
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VIIIof stolen property from six to
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Appendix 4. Indexing terms of the C
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XIIAppendix 6. Partial list of Engl
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XIVFrame and definition Core Frame
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XVIFrame and definition Core Frame
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XVIIIFrame and definition Core Fram
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XXFrame and definition Core Frame E
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XXIIFrame and definition Core Frame
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XXIVFrame and definition Core Frame
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XXVIFrame and definition Core Frame
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XXVIIIFrame and definition Core Fra
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XXXFrame and definition Core Frame
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XXXIIFrame and definition Core Fram
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XXXIVFrame and definition Core Fram
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XXXVIAppendix 8. Partial list of th
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XXXVIIIargue 1 [Argumentation]Charg
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XLdeem 1 [Judging]Irregularity Core
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XLIIManner Non-core impugn 1 [Conte
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XLIVRight Core assert 3 [Right]Text
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Appendix 10. List of common indirec
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Appendix 11. Data validationXLVIIIV
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Appendix 12. Eliminated candidate t
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Appendix 14. List of Portuguese ter
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48. exercer 2 [Disagreement] exerce
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Appendix 15. List of English termsL
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estipular 1 , prescrever 154. grant
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Appendix 16. List of frames groupin
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LXII37. declarar 1 , state 1 [Argum
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