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308However, even though the labels attributed to each frame were an efficient meansfor grouping together candidate equivalents, they are not exempt of subjectivity. Calling aframe [Verdict] instead of [Decision] or [Judgment] is, most of the times, a matter of choicethat the terminologist has to make the same way sense distinctions are to a certain degreethe product of the terminologists‘ intellectual labours. Nonetheless, it should be noted thatas arbitrary as the labels attributed to the frames may be they were only taken as the startingpoint and that the most important basis for the assignment of equivalents was thecomparison of the ways in which the terms perspectivize the frame. As mentioned insection 5.2.4, the criterion that proved to be the most relevant for grouping terms togetheras well as for assigning their equivalents takes into account the number and nature of coreFEs that a given term may profile. In this study, this criterion is also the one that bestillustrates the ―common features‖ to which Atkins et al. (2003: 334 citing Hanks (2000) andKilgarriff (1997)) refer when they propose that sense distinctions be based on ―clusters ofinstances that share enough common features to justify being treated as a coherent‗meaning group‘‖.In order to counter the relative arbitrariness of the frame labels and to turn the sensedistinctions into a product of the terminologists‘ intellectual labours that has value forfuture users, a number of avenues for research should be discussed. The first one concernsthe automatization of some of the tasks carried out in the research, namely the selection andannotation of contexts. It has been previously mentioned that the task of annotating thecontexts in which the terms occur (section 4.3.8) could benefit from a higher degree ofautomatization, such as the one proposed in Hadouche et al. (2010) and evaluated inHadouche et al. (2011). The second one concerns a systematic validation of the datainvolving a multidisciplinary team composed by legal experts and translators.Finally, in order to provide a larger coverage of the subject field and offertranslators more options for choosing the necessary equivalents, it would be relevant to
309study: a larger amount of terms; terms belonging to other parts of speech, such as nouns,adjectives and adverbs; terms in other languages; terms that occur in other legal genres; andthe relations between the frames that the terms evoke. With a higher degree ofautomatization as well as with the implementation of the aforementioned research avenues,the end product of this study, JuriDiCo, could not only be an observatory of the relationshipof equivalence for terminologists but also a lexical resource for anyone interested in legalterminology.
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Université de MontréalFaculté de
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iiiframework to the compilation of
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vd‘autres contributions ayant dé
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vii2.3.1. The theory of classes of
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x5.3.1. Full equivalents ..........
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xiiTable 23. The frame [Proof] grou
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xviiTypographical conventionsTerms:
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xixTo my parents, Fátima and João
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1. IntroductionThis research studie
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3translator can understand the mean
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5theoretical frameworks that have b
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2. The state of the artIn order to
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9terminology of Canadian and Portug
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11Translation:Legal discourse is in
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13possible? The question of transla
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152.1.2. GenresAccording to Gémar
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17Genre studies are consensual in d
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19Figure 1. Typology of legal texts
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21the two typologies. For example,
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23In Canada as in Portugal, dispute
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25judgments. He argues that knowled
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27Maingueneau (2004) for whom build
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29find equivalents in a systematic
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31(2005) and most recently in Adams
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33the langue-related concept of equ
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352.2.1.2. Concepts and designation
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37in Hartmann and James (1998: 51)
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392.2.1.4. Semantic content and col
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41―Vocabulary type‖ refers to r
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43A concept can only be understood
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45assistance to identify and valida
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47(intertextual). Cop (1991: 2776)
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49Functional equivalenceZgusta (198
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51particular purpose in mind: ―Ä
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53Table 2. Anisomorphism: example o
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55in such a way that they are compo
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572.2.3. Qualitative and quantitati
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59be cases of full equivalence with
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Graphicalrepresentation of therelat
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63For instance, in Figure 10 saudad
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65Another example of insufficient c
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67appears and then skims texts in t
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69equivalents but she also maintain
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71defined by taking into account th
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73Among these studies, some contrib
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75other words or sequences of words
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77The third type of verbs, i.e. pol
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79author applied to the selection o
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81represent synonymy, antonymy, nom
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83contexts, but also a hyperlink ca
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85The typology of verbs appearing i
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87Phraseological verbs are predicat
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89temperature rises; the air circul
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91examples, they state that discurs
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93Another problem with this represe
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95connective verbs are simple verbs
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97different. The criteria designed
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99to show the mismatch that occurs
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101content from the perspective of
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103mesma quantia global, de 6151000
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105entities with authority to trans
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107Nevertheless, Pimentel and L‘H
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109In 1995, L‘Homme proposes a me
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111these reasons, we believe it rem
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113But in order to understand Frame
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115Par exemple, les règles de sous
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117the nature of language‖, that
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119This kind of understanding by th
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121Firstly, according to him, seman
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123exchanging the goods for money (
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125As mentioned in the previous sec
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127Quarreling:(3, 9) the participan
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129corresponds to a semantic type w
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131Figure 21. Lexical entry report
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133parent frame. The frame [Quarrel
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1353.2.2.2. Environmental ScienceAn
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137Figure 23. The Coastal Engineeri
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139Spanish terms that are reported
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141the FrameNet methodology will be
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143Agnoloni et al. (2010). Followin
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145scenes: ―Whereas a scene is de
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Table 9. Confirming cross-linguisti
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149Table 10. Summary of the annotat
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151Contrary to the FrameNet approac
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153Also, in an article entitled ―
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155support for the characterization
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157period in which the texts were w
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159for Brazilian Portuguese). The E
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161case. In its written form, an ac
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163Table 14. Beginning of the thema
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165The decisão is the final sectio
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167In order to identify the content
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1694.1.3.3. ExpertsAll authors of t
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171The ―Introduction‖ states th
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173favourable decisions are quite s
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1754.1.4.1. FunctionPortuguese and
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177semble impliquer qu‘ils doiven
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179Figure 24. Bottom-up approach4.3
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181Despite this word of caution, we
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183evokes the last stage of the cri
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185Finally, some candidate terms we
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187Due to the differences in the nu
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189making an oral agreement. In thi
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191is a substantially higher one th
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193concur 1L'Heureux-Dubé J. disse
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195Although the occurrences of the
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197[Constitutionality]infringe 1 ,
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199Table 18. comply 1 , infringe 1
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201have the same number and type of
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203< FE nom="">< FE nom="">vtFigure
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205After hearing his alibi evidence
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207declarar 1Como é sabido, o Trib
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209Sometimes the target term shares
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211FEs that correspond to prepositi
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213the hearing judgeFigure 40. Anno
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215the indication of the reference.
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217the first meaning was related to
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219cumprir 1 ; 2) exceed 1 and viol
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221the semantic nature of the terms
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Portuguese223Agency, authority, BNS
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2255.1.1. Portuguese termsCandidate
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2276. Ambiguity between the past pa
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229a legal genre set out in the fir
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231as Prata (2005) and Prata et al.
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2331. Ambiguity between the past fo
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235(section 5.1.1.2.1); the second
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237corpus, the action of adducing i
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239draw some considerations on the
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241extraction of Portuguese terms b
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243The second half of the frame des
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Portuguese245artigo, lei, lei pream
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247We can observe that both terms e
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249the core FEs correspond to the a
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251resolve 1[1] This Court can reso
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253are not responsible for applying
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255Table 27. Linguistic realization
Page 279 and 280: 257Table 28. Linguistic realization
Page 285 and 286: 263Table 33 illustrates that the se
Page 287 and 288: 265Tabela 35. Linguistic realizatio
Page 289 and 290: 267LAW and ISSUE. For all these rea
Page 291 and 292: PortugueseEnglsih269Table 36. amend
Page 293 and 294: 271The application of the aforement
Page 295 and 296: 273propugnar 1Por último, na conte
Page 297 and 298: PortugueseEnglish275Table 37. The f
Page 299 and 300: 277The following pairs of verbs are
Page 301 and 302: 279This frame groups together one E
Page 303 and 304: 281The scenario includes two core F
Page 305 and 306: PortugueseEnglish283For instance, a
Page 307 and 308: 285Translation:* Este Tribunal pode
Page 309 and 310: English287Table 42. The [Order] fra
Page 311 and 312: 289considered candidate equivalents
Page 313 and 314: 291Supreme Court judgments not only
Page 315 and 316: 293Figure 45. Alphabetical list of
Page 317 and 318: 295As in DiCoInfo (L‘Homme 2008),
Page 319 and 320: 297the term dismiss 1 the actantial
Page 321 and 322: 299In the annotated contexts (Figur
Page 323 and 324: 301expression in sentences containi
Page 325 and 326: 303Finally, as the task of annotati
Page 327 and 328: 305The study started with the revie
Page 329: 307As the research specifically aim
Page 333 and 334: 311Atkins, S. and M. Rundell (2008)
Page 335 and 336: 313Carreno, I. (2005). Analyse de l
Page 337 and 338: 315Devinat, M. (2005). La règle pr
Page 339 and 340: 317Fontenelle, T. (2000). ―A Bili
Page 341 and 342: 319Gross, G. and F. Guenthner (2002
Page 343 and 344: 321L‘Homme, M.-C. (2003). ―Capt
Page 345 and 346: 323McEnery, A. and Z. Xiao (2007).
Page 347 and 348: 325Reimerink, A. and P. Faber. (200
Page 349 and 350: 327Searle, J. (1983). Intentionalit
Page 351 and 352: 329Terminologiewissenschaft = Langu
Page 353 and 354: IIDecisão Texto Integral:Acordam n
Page 355 and 356: IVAppendix 2. Indexing terms of the
Page 357 and 358: Appendix 3. A Canadian judgmentVISU
Page 359 and 360: VIIIof stolen property from six to
Page 361 and 362: Appendix 4. Indexing terms of the C
Page 363 and 364: XIIAppendix 6. Partial list of Engl
Page 365 and 366: XIVFrame and definition Core Frame
Page 367 and 368: XVIFrame and definition Core Frame
Page 369 and 370: XVIIIFrame and definition Core Fram
Page 371 and 372: XXFrame and definition Core Frame E
Page 373 and 374: XXIIFrame and definition Core Frame
Page 375 and 376: XXIVFrame and definition Core Frame
Page 377 and 378: XXVIFrame and definition Core Frame
Page 379 and 380: XXVIIIFrame and definition Core Fra
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XXXFrame and definition Core Frame
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XXXIIFrame and definition Core Fram
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XXXIVFrame and definition Core Fram
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XXXVIAppendix 8. Partial list of th
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XXXVIIIargue 1 [Argumentation]Charg
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XLdeem 1 [Judging]Irregularity Core
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XLIIManner Non-core impugn 1 [Conte
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XLIVRight Core assert 3 [Right]Text
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Appendix 10. List of common indirec
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Appendix 11. Data validationXLVIIIV
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Appendix 12. Eliminated candidate t
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Appendix 14. List of Portuguese ter
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48. exercer 2 [Disagreement] exerce
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Appendix 15. List of English termsL
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estipular 1 , prescrever 154. grant
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Appendix 16. List of frames groupin
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LXII37. declarar 1 , state 1 [Argum
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