The PLA at Home and Abroad - Strategic Studies Institute - U.S. Army

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their measures to improve the situation in the western regions. • The severe winter storm and earthquake in 2008 showed the Chinese government that internal natural disasters could be just as destructive as external security threats for a nation racing to become rich. The call for the PLA to take on the nation’s “diverse military tasks” and “military operations other than war” (多样化和非战争任务和行动) got the full attention of the CCP and PLA senior leadership. The PLA was tested during those disaster relief operations. • The ongoing, and at times escalating, conflicts with Japan, the Philippines, Vietnam, and Malaysia over disputed islands and maritime territorial interests in the East and South China Seas in the last 2 years had generated an outcry in China and much pressure on the Chinese government and the PLA to take more forceful measures to secure those “stolen” territories. 1 The loudest of the Chinese people’s calls for action were those demanding the Chinese government accelerate the construction of aircraft carrier battle groups and to modify China’s policy of “shelving the disputes while pursuing joint development of ocean interests” (搁置争议, 共同开发海洋资源). • The Somali pirate attacks on Chinese merchant vessels reaffirmed Chinese concerns that their expanding national interests were at stake. Although the PLAN took prompt action to set up escort operations in the Gulf of Aden and hence started the first-ever PLA overseas combat op- 4
eration, China nevertheless remains concerned for the safety of its sea lines of communication and business operations in foreign countries. • Over the last 2 years, China and the United States clashed over their claimed rights to operate in the 200 nautical mile Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) off China’s coasts (the USNS Impeccable and USNS Victorious incidents in March and May 2009). These incidents reminded the Chinese, as well as the Americans, that the two great powers have much to learn and do before they can come to terms with the emerging new realities in their relations. TO BUILD A PROSPEROUS COUNTRY WITH A STRONG MILITARY (富国强军) Chinese leaders and the PLA have anticipated these daunting challenges. Indeed, China’s Defense White Papers have repeatedly expressed concerns for China’s security and wellbeing: With the advent of the new century, the world is undergoing tremendous changes and adjustments. Peace and development remain the principal themes, and the pursuit of peace, development and cooperation has become an irresistible trend of the times. . . . However, there still exist many factors of uncertainty in Asia-Pacific security. The drastic fluctuations in the world economy impact heavily on regional economic development, and political turbulence persists in some countries undergoing economic and social transition. Ethnic and religious discords and conflicting claims over territorial and maritime rights and interests remain serious, regional hotspots are complex. At the same time, the United States has increased its strategic attention to and input 5
Page 1 and 2: THE PLA AT HOME AND ABROAD: ASSESSI
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS Foreword .................
Page 5 and 6: FOREWORD It is a distinct honor to
Page 7: have been extremely satisfied with
Page 10 and 11: Also in 2009, the PLA Navy (PLAN) a
Page 14 and 15: in the Asia-Pacific region, further
Page 16 and 17: tional Convention platform (Hu’s
Page 18 and 19: Second, the prosperous-nation-stron
Page 20 and 21: egy. National defense modernization
Page 22 and 23: advances, current Chinese leaders a
Page 24 and 25: Chinese leaders are well aware of t
Page 26 and 27: transformation in military affairs.
Page 28 and 29: Indeed, the United States now deplo
Page 30 and 31: through their learning from the U.S
Page 32 and 33: to gain an objective control measur
Page 34 and 35: ings on future wars depict a more p
Page 36 and 37: ever, is giving way to a more law-g
Page 38 and 39: of this PLAN fleet clearly has impl
Page 40 and 41: contribute to China’s foreign and
Page 42 and 43: military integration (CMI, [军民
Page 44 and 45: forces in both the defense and the
Page 46 and 47: For a long time, American leaders h
Page 48 and 49: 14. Chinese leaders chose to use th
Page 50 and 51: 26. Su Xisheng (苏希胜) et al.,
Page 53 and 54: CHAPTER 2 THE PEOPLE’S LIBERATION
Page 55 and 56: fold extensive, changing local secu
Page 57 and 58: the Association of Southeast Asian
Page 59 and 60: 2 years earlier. After tracking in
Page 61 and 62: Even though the security situation
Page 63 and 64:
THE PLA AND CHINA’S FOREIGN POLIC
Page 65 and 66:
Vice-Chairman and Politburo member
Page 67 and 68:
PLA NEAR-TERM CONCERNS With cross-S
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the entire period with: “The whol
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of the United States deployed in th
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Daily article criticized the docume
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India does not match China in econo
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tential threat to China’s most im
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pulse of the other, even as suspici
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in rebuilding the country has been
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The SCO nonetheless allows both to
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warned against Vietnam’s planned
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and South China Seas, although thes
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August 2009 meeting of the MMCA and
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ness of Japan. Moreover, the PLA kn
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wan issue and agreed to expand mili
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invasion of China is anticipated. S
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operations was clearly designed to
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mitments Beijing has already made a
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11. Major General Shou Xiaosong,
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34. Liu Yang and Guo Feng, “What
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57. James Manicom, “China’s Cla
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CHAPTER 3 DISCOURSE IN 3-D: THE PLA
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“under high technology conditions
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to command the gun (as Mao famously
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of that year and then first cited i
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arms into full play, combine offens
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. . . military deterrence, military
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the post-Mao era. However, against
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ship between construction of core m
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to spearhead efforts in this area.
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oots party entities, government ent
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merous nonwar activities and heavil
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ational capabilities. As James Q. W
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disappear, there may be voices clai
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mands of military modernization and
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ENDNOTES - CHAPTER 3 1. China’s N
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11. China’s National Defense in 2
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32. According to the 2009 Defense W
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53. Conversations with PLA research
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the field about the continued relev
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ment of most serious Party disputes
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China’s case is a lot more compli
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East China Seas to exercise maximum
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obsessed more with the high-tech
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a natural requirement for officers
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and the CMC military affairs). This
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pact on China’s relations with ma
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Party Center (党中央). 35 This s
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HU JINTAO AND CHINA’S CHANGING CI
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predictability in his interaction w
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his control over the gun at the sam
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Challenge Ahead: In Search of the N
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in Party affairs. In contrast, Li i
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Secretary General. This is a positi
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differences that are often times in
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in Hu’s hands. Lengthy debate is
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is how to pursue the next round of
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convinced people. For the sake of m
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Terrorist threats remain real, alth
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y a strategic question of whether M
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no longer routine, especially given
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5. Amos Perlmutter and William LeoG
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18. The U.S. Secretary of State con
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vilian leaders what they should not
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46. Wen’s power lies in the State
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60. You Ji, “Taiwan in the Politi
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78. Liu Yongxin, “连锁反应背
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CHAPTER 5 TOWARDS AN INTEGRATIVE C4
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pivotal year in the PLA’s quest f
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and information support capabilitie
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4. Innovation consists of making le
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increase. In developing information
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1. In 1978, a phase-one network est
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960-1,215 MHz frequency band. 42 As
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Communication problems have also ar
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联合作战). This transition from
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fundamental impediment to fostering
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such training has been done on a te
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The 2005 training goals stressed
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to “promote the healthy and order
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make overall plans for joint traini
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est, suggests that a lack of a basi
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Despite the emphasis on information
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explore opportunities. These effort
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5. Vice Admiral Arthur K. Cebrowski
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28. Ibid., p. 138. 29. Zhou Ming,
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Type of Theater Joint Command Infor
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66. Zhang Liansong and Liu Jing,
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Demonstration and Planning Meeting
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making under difficult circumstance
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The PRC only began to build a forma
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that the primary responsibility for
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As they considered the lessons lear
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in Wenchuan County in the western p
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to a number of weak points from whi
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unifying, and streamlining a pletho
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government statistics that indicate
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ights. The Menglian incident involv
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line. Similar to the Weng’an and
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ing out of internal security tasks.
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usual insignia of either the police
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XINJIANG: THE URUMQI RIOT When it r
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lessons, if any, the PLA/PAP and th
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When they did move in to reassert c
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of the military in an emergency man
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PAP would presumably draw on the ta
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2008 and in Urumqi in 2009 is indic
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ternal MOOTW has, in fact, had any
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tions on policing and internal secu
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16. “Martial Law of the People’
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Military’s Earthquake Response Le
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(PLA Daily), June 9, 2008, p. 1; We
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58. For example, on September 5, 20
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68. Yu Jianrong, Yang Huijing and X
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of the nature and seriousness of th
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91. Murray Scot Tanner, quoted in E
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103. Patel, “Chinese Disaster Rel
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CHAPTER 7 CHINESE SEA POWER IN ACTI
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tary operations capabilities.” 6
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sible solution to an unexpected but
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China’s 3 decades of involvement
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The PLAN chose some of its newest,
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Vessel Hull # Class Type Displaceme
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jing’s official news media consta
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These very cautious rules of engage
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PLAN warship(s) will maintain simil
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guarded the Chinese merchant ship Z
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EQUIPMENT, PERSONNEL, AND LOGISTICS
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Fourth Deployment: On October 30, 2
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ector of the PLAN headquarters gene
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The most dramatic innovations in sa
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tional counterparts. Combined Task
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So why is Beijing making this effor
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litical systems and ideology are at
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Zhang Zhaoyin, deputy group army co
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maintenance activities in African p
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Platform Nuclear Attack Submarines
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To be sure, proponents of SLOC defe
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sions, but it may gradually acquire
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for great power influence and rival
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crisis, as they would be harming re
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In the future, any facilities that
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carriers might rapidly become an im
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mons. In fact, the prospects for Ch
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enefit from diversion of U.S. atten
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13. Andrew S. Erickson, “Pipe Dre
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China is not similarly involved in
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40. Huang Li, p. 178. 41. Ibid., pp
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62. “Piracy Draws China Back to t
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85. “China Ready to Pay Ransom to
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106. See several articles on “Res
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121. Lt. Jennifer Cragg, “Navy Ta
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143. Phoenix TV, July 23, 2009; Jam
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第一次党代表会代表时强
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164. The author must credit Nan Li
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number of factors, including observ
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183. Senior Captain Xu Qi, PLAN,
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tive attack submarines, many more r
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CHAPTER 8 PEOPLE’S LIBERATION ARM
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Though limited in number, these exe
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Russia 6 Multiple SCO Members 4 Kyr
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The post-9/11 threat of al-Qaida an
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which “a group of international t
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off with each other just like old f
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After the air forces had attained d
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port.” 27 The live-fire portion o
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elements from two Mechanized Infant
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Observers frequently hear similar s
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Mai, Thailand. “Strike-2008” wa
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have been the “first” such even
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hensive Training Base, Guilin. Sixt
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The live demonstration phase of the
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ernment has cracked down on several
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sion-2009.” As for PAP training i
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ut only to limited degrees for the
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creasing time and distance traveled
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As such, they present outsiders an
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ilities, among other subjects. Howe
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in Roy Kamphausen and Andrew Scobel
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jun Bao Online in Chinese, December
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54. “First Sino-Russian port emer
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68. “Coordination of PRC, Russian
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85. “Full text: China’s African
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Exercise-01 APPENDIX - CHAPTER 8 CH
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CHAPTER 9 MILITARY EXCHANGES WITH C
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ization, has caused anxiety among t
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6. To independently develop militar
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defense consultations as an importa
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it appears that foreign naval and a
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communicates a positive and reassur
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Years Number of Foreign Number of F
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According to the 1998 Defense White
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Master Sergeant James A. Roy, led t
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in their ability to venture beyond
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tion.” According to the Council o
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vide training and familiarization i
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and news media to observe it up clo
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“Operational Diplomacy”: Peacek
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PLAN launched in 2007, for HA-DR ef
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sale of Chinese arms abroad and to
Page 469 and 470:
The increasing scope and sophistica
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16. “Appendix III: Participation
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34. China’s National Defense in 2
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55. “Major overseas visits of PLA
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75. Ibid.; China’s National Defen
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89. “China’s Growing Role in UN
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107. Siva Govindasamy, “Dubai 09:
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• December 2007: Kenya, Kuwait, a
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ENDNOTES - APPENDIX B - CHAPTER 9 1
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Egypt, Finland (2), Greece, Hungary
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CHAPTER 10 EMERGING GRAND STRATEGY
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of higher learning and other civili
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duration, and would depend heavily
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tutions, defense companies, univers
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lining government agency functions.
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creation of MIIT. This office’s p
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other countries closely and made th
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compare favorably to 80 percent in
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ernment’s initiatives to overhaul
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vestment. 77 Yet by the end of 2005
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In reality, however, numerous limit
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defense and civilian research and i
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agement. This includes many key SOE
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China Academy of Engineering Physic
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a new Defense Industry Alliance was
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absorbed and combined with in-house
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China’s defense establishment org
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sets (mainly in CASC) such as with
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United States but failed. It then t
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vation that would result would inev
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will grow increasingly difficult an
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technology, large oil and gas field
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15. Li Zhaoxing (李肇星), at Pre
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the National Defense Industry’s
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People’s Liberation Army”), CMC
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es Entering the Defense Industry Se
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70. These two regulations have been
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82. Responsibilities of CSRC in off
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percent of defense corporation is u
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101. “Zhejiang Province Determine
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tutes, funded by the NRDC; and tech
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130. Denis Fred Simon and Cong Cao,
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146. Universities, for example, Tsi
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Enterprise China North Optical-Elec
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Industry Investment Fund: APPENDIX
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10. Zhao Bo, “武器装备应用
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of China (PRC) in late 1949, milita
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This chapter seeks to provide an ov
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sional journals, such as Logistics
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USS Abraham Lincoln aircraft carrie
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will examine China’s current logi
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tribution, health service support [
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force, such as food, water and ice,
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LOGISTICS TRANSFORMATION GOALS AND
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3. Sustainment of Units Abroad, and
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Phase Three: • Under the joint le
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zone” (战区), while joint logis
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• All supporting facilities in th
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educed. Wary of the cost of militar
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user. As a result, these innovation
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As the link between the war front a
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tion distribution centers for close
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Date Mission Location Observers Tro
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than 50 kinds of 5 major categories
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ties, 118 while enhancing China’s
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acy missions in the Gulf of Aden, a
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• Decentralization versus central
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IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S. POLICY Truth
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U.S. commitments to Taiwan. If Chin
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3. The Army has been the main force
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19. See, for example, Ngok Lee, Chi
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37. Joint core logistics capabiliti
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58. Wang Guanghui and Wang Youlin,
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78. Feng Yongmin, Zhang Lingling, a
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“A Study of the Strategy of Build
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115. Antonio Castillo, “China in
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• Three Generation (三代) refor
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ning, building, and using in a unif
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2005 • Hu Jintao asked military t
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2009 • Jan—Chinese missile-arme
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2. Hu Fuwen, “On Realizing the Pr
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30. Ren Pan and Ju Zhenhau, “’P
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Wang Jinghai (王京海) Zhao Zhanp
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Jin Xiuman (金秀满) Military Veh
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Chen Guoshu (陈国书) Li Guangren
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Li Wanjun (荔万俊) An Introducti
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Guo Qinmao (郭钦茂) Wang Benhong
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ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS DANIEL ALDER
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policy, and technology issues, has
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where she analyzed the frequency an
Page 651 and 652:
SUSAN M. PUSKA, a retired U.S. Army
Page 653 and 654:
macy, Foreign Policy and Defense St
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