The PLA at Home and Abroad - Strategic Studies Institute - U.S. Army

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zone” (战区), while joint logistics sub-departments (联勤分部) bore the responsibility for organizing and implementing regional common use support (通用保障) for all three services. 62 By 2006, Jinan MR Deputy Commander, Zhong Shengqin, described the pilot as “a good start.” He cautioned, however, that the joint support system needed to be “perfected in practice” before the CMC could issue specific plans on how to implement joint logistics reforms to the PLA. Zhong called on Jinan MR personnel to consolidate achievements from the pilot and intensify efforts to solve problems. 63 Joint logistics supply distribution in the Jinan MR pilot may be depicted as a two-track distribution system (see Figure 2), 64 which eliminates the services’ branch logistics departments. One channel distributes common use and service-specific materials. A second channel continues to distribute comprehensively planned material to poorer regions. Figure 2. Joint Logistics Supply Distribution in the Jinan MR. Chinese assessments of the initial reforms to establish JLDs within the MRs indicated some success 574
in creating a logistics system more geared to joint military operations using both horizontal and vertical support links. Common use materials and logistic services were successfully provided by the joint logistics departments. Multiple services logistics units were eliminated, which reduced support redundancy. Duplicate logistic facilities and services were also eliminated. Collectively, these changes helped increase logistics efficiency and achieve higher standards in materials and services provided. Logistics support to units also became more responsive as a number of links within the support system were greatly reduced allowing for closer support, which rationalized support distribution and also speeded up logistics operations. Additionally, significant savings were realized through a reduction in transportation mileage, and the consolidation of rear area warehouses used by the three services. 65 The Jinan MR joint logistics pilot test beginning in 2004 achieved several positive results, which appear to have promoted more jointness throughout the force. First, as the new JLD changed its name from an MR JLD to MR (War Zone) JLD, the proportion of personnel serving in the JLD from other services was increased. MR-based service logistic commands were eliminated. Service facilities were amalgamated into joint facilities, including war zone-based warehouses, hospitals, convalescent homes, material organizations, and infrastructure that were put under the JLD. 66 The vast majority of units now fall within several tens of kilometers of these facilities. 67 Among the other achievements recognized in reform arising from the Jinan MR pilot joint logistics test are: 575
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THE PLA AT HOME AND ABROAD: ASSESSI
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CONTENTS Foreword .................
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FOREWORD It is a distinct honor to
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have been extremely satisfied with
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Also in 2009, the PLA Navy (PLAN) a
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their measures to improve the situa
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in the Asia-Pacific region, further
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tional Convention platform (Hu’s
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Second, the prosperous-nation-stron
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egy. National defense modernization
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advances, current Chinese leaders a
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Chinese leaders are well aware of t
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transformation in military affairs.
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Indeed, the United States now deplo
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through their learning from the U.S
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to gain an objective control measur
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ings on future wars depict a more p
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ever, is giving way to a more law-g
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of this PLAN fleet clearly has impl
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contribute to China’s foreign and
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military integration (CMI, [军民
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forces in both the defense and the
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For a long time, American leaders h
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14. Chinese leaders chose to use th
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26. Su Xisheng (苏希胜) et al.,
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CHAPTER 2 THE PEOPLE’S LIBERATION
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fold extensive, changing local secu
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the Association of Southeast Asian
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2 years earlier. After tracking in
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Even though the security situation
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THE PLA AND CHINA’S FOREIGN POLIC
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Vice-Chairman and Politburo member
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PLA NEAR-TERM CONCERNS With cross-S
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the entire period with: “The whol
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of the United States deployed in th
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Daily article criticized the docume
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India does not match China in econo
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tential threat to China’s most im
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pulse of the other, even as suspici
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in rebuilding the country has been
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The SCO nonetheless allows both to
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warned against Vietnam’s planned
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and South China Seas, although thes
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August 2009 meeting of the MMCA and
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ness of Japan. Moreover, the PLA kn
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wan issue and agreed to expand mili
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invasion of China is anticipated. S
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operations was clearly designed to
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mitments Beijing has already made a
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11. Major General Shou Xiaosong,
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34. Liu Yang and Guo Feng, “What
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57. James Manicom, “China’s Cla
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CHAPTER 3 DISCOURSE IN 3-D: THE PLA
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“under high technology conditions
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to command the gun (as Mao famously
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of that year and then first cited i
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arms into full play, combine offens
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. . . military deterrence, military
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the post-Mao era. However, against
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ship between construction of core m
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to spearhead efforts in this area.
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oots party entities, government ent
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merous nonwar activities and heavil
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ational capabilities. As James Q. W
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disappear, there may be voices clai
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mands of military modernization and
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ENDNOTES - CHAPTER 3 1. China’s N
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11. China’s National Defense in 2
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32. According to the 2009 Defense W
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53. Conversations with PLA research
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the field about the continued relev
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ment of most serious Party disputes
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China’s case is a lot more compli
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East China Seas to exercise maximum
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obsessed more with the high-tech
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a natural requirement for officers
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and the CMC military affairs). This
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pact on China’s relations with ma
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Party Center (党中央). 35 This s
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HU JINTAO AND CHINA’S CHANGING CI
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predictability in his interaction w
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his control over the gun at the sam
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Challenge Ahead: In Search of the N
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in Party affairs. In contrast, Li i
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Secretary General. This is a positi
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differences that are often times in
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in Hu’s hands. Lengthy debate is
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is how to pursue the next round of
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convinced people. For the sake of m
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Terrorist threats remain real, alth
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y a strategic question of whether M
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no longer routine, especially given
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5. Amos Perlmutter and William LeoG
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18. The U.S. Secretary of State con
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vilian leaders what they should not
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46. Wen’s power lies in the State
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60. You Ji, “Taiwan in the Politi
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78. Liu Yongxin, “连锁反应背
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CHAPTER 5 TOWARDS AN INTEGRATIVE C4
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pivotal year in the PLA’s quest f
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and information support capabilitie
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4. Innovation consists of making le
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increase. In developing information
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1. In 1978, a phase-one network est
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960-1,215 MHz frequency band. 42 As
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Communication problems have also ar
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联合作战). This transition from
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fundamental impediment to fostering
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such training has been done on a te
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The 2005 training goals stressed
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to “promote the healthy and order
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make overall plans for joint traini
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est, suggests that a lack of a basi
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Despite the emphasis on information
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explore opportunities. These effort
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5. Vice Admiral Arthur K. Cebrowski
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28. Ibid., p. 138. 29. Zhou Ming,
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Type of Theater Joint Command Infor
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66. Zhang Liansong and Liu Jing,
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Demonstration and Planning Meeting
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making under difficult circumstance
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The PRC only began to build a forma
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that the primary responsibility for
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As they considered the lessons lear
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in Wenchuan County in the western p
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to a number of weak points from whi
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unifying, and streamlining a pletho
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government statistics that indicate
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ights. The Menglian incident involv
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line. Similar to the Weng’an and
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ing out of internal security tasks.
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usual insignia of either the police
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XINJIANG: THE URUMQI RIOT When it r
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lessons, if any, the PLA/PAP and th
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When they did move in to reassert c
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of the military in an emergency man
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PAP would presumably draw on the ta
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2008 and in Urumqi in 2009 is indic
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ternal MOOTW has, in fact, had any
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tions on policing and internal secu
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16. “Martial Law of the People’
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Military’s Earthquake Response Le
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(PLA Daily), June 9, 2008, p. 1; We
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58. For example, on September 5, 20
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68. Yu Jianrong, Yang Huijing and X
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of the nature and seriousness of th
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91. Murray Scot Tanner, quoted in E
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103. Patel, “Chinese Disaster Rel
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CHAPTER 7 CHINESE SEA POWER IN ACTI
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tary operations capabilities.” 6
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sible solution to an unexpected but
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China’s 3 decades of involvement
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The PLAN chose some of its newest,
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Vessel Hull # Class Type Displaceme
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jing’s official news media consta
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These very cautious rules of engage
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PLAN warship(s) will maintain simil
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guarded the Chinese merchant ship Z
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EQUIPMENT, PERSONNEL, AND LOGISTICS
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Fourth Deployment: On October 30, 2
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ector of the PLAN headquarters gene
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The most dramatic innovations in sa
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tional counterparts. Combined Task
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So why is Beijing making this effor
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litical systems and ideology are at
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Zhang Zhaoyin, deputy group army co
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maintenance activities in African p
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Platform Nuclear Attack Submarines
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To be sure, proponents of SLOC defe
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sions, but it may gradually acquire
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for great power influence and rival
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crisis, as they would be harming re
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In the future, any facilities that
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carriers might rapidly become an im
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mons. In fact, the prospects for Ch
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enefit from diversion of U.S. atten
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13. Andrew S. Erickson, “Pipe Dre
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China is not similarly involved in
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40. Huang Li, p. 178. 41. Ibid., pp
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62. “Piracy Draws China Back to t
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85. “China Ready to Pay Ransom to
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106. See several articles on “Res
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121. Lt. Jennifer Cragg, “Navy Ta
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143. Phoenix TV, July 23, 2009; Jam
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第一次党代表会代表时强
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164. The author must credit Nan Li
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number of factors, including observ
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183. Senior Captain Xu Qi, PLAN,
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tive attack submarines, many more r
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CHAPTER 8 PEOPLE’S LIBERATION ARM
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Though limited in number, these exe
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Russia 6 Multiple SCO Members 4 Kyr
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The post-9/11 threat of al-Qaida an
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which “a group of international t
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off with each other just like old f
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After the air forces had attained d
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port.” 27 The live-fire portion o
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elements from two Mechanized Infant
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Observers frequently hear similar s
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Mai, Thailand. “Strike-2008” wa
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have been the “first” such even
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hensive Training Base, Guilin. Sixt
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The live demonstration phase of the
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ernment has cracked down on several
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sion-2009.” As for PAP training i
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ut only to limited degrees for the
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creasing time and distance traveled
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As such, they present outsiders an
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ilities, among other subjects. Howe
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in Roy Kamphausen and Andrew Scobel
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jun Bao Online in Chinese, December
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54. “First Sino-Russian port emer
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68. “Coordination of PRC, Russian
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85. “Full text: China’s African
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Exercise-01 APPENDIX - CHAPTER 8 CH
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CHAPTER 9 MILITARY EXCHANGES WITH C
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ization, has caused anxiety among t
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6. To independently develop militar
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defense consultations as an importa
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it appears that foreign naval and a
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communicates a positive and reassur
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Years Number of Foreign Number of F
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According to the 1998 Defense White
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Master Sergeant James A. Roy, led t
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in their ability to venture beyond
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tion.” According to the Council o
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vide training and familiarization i
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and news media to observe it up clo
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“Operational Diplomacy”: Peacek
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PLAN launched in 2007, for HA-DR ef
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sale of Chinese arms abroad and to
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The increasing scope and sophistica
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16. “Appendix III: Participation
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34. China’s National Defense in 2
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55. “Major overseas visits of PLA
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75. Ibid.; China’s National Defen
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89. “China’s Growing Role in UN
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107. Siva Govindasamy, “Dubai 09:
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• December 2007: Kenya, Kuwait, a
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ENDNOTES - APPENDIX B - CHAPTER 9 1
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Egypt, Finland (2), Greece, Hungary
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CHAPTER 10 EMERGING GRAND STRATEGY
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of higher learning and other civili
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duration, and would depend heavily
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tutions, defense companies, univers
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lining government agency functions.
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creation of MIIT. This office’s p
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other countries closely and made th
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compare favorably to 80 percent in
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ernment’s initiatives to overhaul
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vestment. 77 Yet by the end of 2005
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In reality, however, numerous limit
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defense and civilian research and i
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agement. This includes many key SOE
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China Academy of Engineering Physic
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a new Defense Industry Alliance was
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absorbed and combined with in-house
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China’s defense establishment org
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sets (mainly in CASC) such as with
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United States but failed. It then t
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vation that would result would inev
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will grow increasingly difficult an
Page 531 and 532: technology, large oil and gas field
Page 533 and 534: 15. Li Zhaoxing (李肇星), at Pre
Page 535 and 536: the National Defense Industry’s
Page 537 and 538: People’s Liberation Army”), CMC
Page 539 and 540: es Entering the Defense Industry Se
Page 541 and 542: 70. These two regulations have been
Page 543 and 544: 82. Responsibilities of CSRC in off
Page 545 and 546: percent of defense corporation is u
Page 547 and 548: 101. “Zhejiang Province Determine
Page 549 and 550: tutes, funded by the NRDC; and tech
Page 551 and 552: 130. Denis Fred Simon and Cong Cao,
Page 553 and 554: 146. Universities, for example, Tsi
Page 555 and 556: Enterprise China North Optical-Elec
Page 557 and 558: Industry Investment Fund: APPENDIX
Page 559: 10. Zhao Bo, “武器装备应用
Page 562 and 563: of China (PRC) in late 1949, milita
Page 564 and 565: This chapter seeks to provide an ov
Page 566 and 567: sional journals, such as Logistics
Page 568 and 569: USS Abraham Lincoln aircraft carrie
Page 570 and 571: will examine China’s current logi
Page 572 and 573: tribution, health service support [
Page 574 and 575: force, such as food, water and ice,
Page 576 and 577: LOGISTICS TRANSFORMATION GOALS AND
Page 578 and 579: 3. Sustainment of Units Abroad, and
Page 580 and 581: Phase Three: • Under the joint le
Page 584 and 585: • All supporting facilities in th
Page 586 and 587: educed. Wary of the cost of militar
Page 588 and 589: user. As a result, these innovation
Page 590 and 591: As the link between the war front a
Page 592 and 593: tion distribution centers for close
Page 594 and 595: Date Mission Location Observers Tro
Page 596 and 597: than 50 kinds of 5 major categories
Page 598 and 599: ties, 118 while enhancing China’s
Page 600 and 601: acy missions in the Gulf of Aden, a
Page 602 and 603: • Decentralization versus central
Page 604 and 605: IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S. POLICY Truth
Page 606 and 607: U.S. commitments to Taiwan. If Chin
Page 608 and 609: 3. The Army has been the main force
Page 610 and 611: 19. See, for example, Ngok Lee, Chi
Page 612 and 613: 37. Joint core logistics capabiliti
Page 614 and 615: 58. Wang Guanghui and Wang Youlin,
Page 616 and 617: 78. Feng Yongmin, Zhang Lingling, a
Page 618 and 619: “A Study of the Strategy of Build
Page 620 and 621: 115. Antonio Castillo, “China in
Page 622 and 623: • Three Generation (三代) refor
Page 624 and 625: ning, building, and using in a unif
Page 626 and 627: 2005 • Hu Jintao asked military t
Page 628 and 629: 2009 • Jan—Chinese missile-arme
Page 630 and 631: 2. Hu Fuwen, “On Realizing the Pr
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30. Ren Pan and Ju Zhenhau, “’P
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Wang Jinghai (王京海) Zhao Zhanp
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Jin Xiuman (金秀满) Military Veh
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Chen Guoshu (陈国书) Li Guangren
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Li Wanjun (荔万俊) An Introducti
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Guo Qinmao (郭钦茂) Wang Benhong
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ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS DANIEL ALDER
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policy, and technology issues, has
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where she analyzed the frequency an
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SUSAN M. PUSKA, a retired U.S. Army
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macy, Foreign Policy and Defense St
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