The PLA at Home and Abroad - Strategic Studies Institute - U.S. Army

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pact that a single determined individual can have on U.S. policy. With the passing of Jim Lilley in October 2009, the United States lost one of its most dedicated public servants and an extremely talented China hand. And I lost an old and loyal friend. While Jim, of course, needs no introduction to the contributors to this volume and many readers, it is worth mentioning some of the highlights of his extremely eventful life and long history of selfless service to this country. Jim was a China hand literally from the day he was born in Shandong Province and grew up speaking Chinese. Jim’s career of government service began in the military and continued in the intelligence community, with a major focus on China. Later, he shifted to a career as a diplomat. In the early 1980s Jim took the post of chief of the American Institute in Taiwan, the de facto U.S. Embassy in Taipei. Shortly thereafter, he ably served as U.S. ambassador in two Asian capitals at times of considerable political upheaval—for 3 years in Seoul, Korea, followed by 2 years in Beijing. The latter posting was during my administration and took place at an especially difficult time in America’s relationship with China during the tragedy of Tiananmen Square and its aftermath. Simply put, Jim did an outstanding job. After such a distinguished career, Jim richly deserved a restful retirement. But leaving government service in 1991 did not mean sitting back in a rocking chair. Jim lived in the Washington area, where he remained an active participant in policy debates on China and Korea and a keen sponsor and lively participant in this conference series. While Jim never got to see this volume or attend last year’s conference, I am confident that he would vi
have been extremely satisfied with the results. I commend this fine collection to anyone interested in the military and security affairs of China. vii GEORGE H. W. BUSH
Page 1 and 2: THE PLA AT HOME AND ABROAD: ASSESSI
Page 3 and 4: CONTENTS Foreword .................
Page 5: FOREWORD It is a distinct honor to
Page 10 and 11: Also in 2009, the PLA Navy (PLAN) a
Page 12 and 13: their measures to improve the situa
Page 14 and 15: in the Asia-Pacific region, further
Page 16 and 17: tional Convention platform (Hu’s
Page 18 and 19: Second, the prosperous-nation-stron
Page 20 and 21: egy. National defense modernization
Page 22 and 23: advances, current Chinese leaders a
Page 24 and 25: Chinese leaders are well aware of t
Page 26 and 27: transformation in military affairs.
Page 28 and 29: Indeed, the United States now deplo
Page 30 and 31: through their learning from the U.S
Page 32 and 33: to gain an objective control measur
Page 34 and 35: ings on future wars depict a more p
Page 36 and 37: ever, is giving way to a more law-g
Page 38 and 39: of this PLAN fleet clearly has impl
Page 40 and 41: contribute to China’s foreign and
Page 42 and 43: military integration (CMI, [军民
Page 44 and 45: forces in both the defense and the
Page 46 and 47: For a long time, American leaders h
Page 48 and 49: 14. Chinese leaders chose to use th
Page 50 and 51: 26. Su Xisheng (苏希胜) et al.,
Page 53 and 54: CHAPTER 2 THE PEOPLE’S LIBERATION
Page 55 and 56: fold extensive, changing local secu
Page 57 and 58:
the Association of Southeast Asian
Page 59 and 60:
2 years earlier. After tracking in
Page 61 and 62:
Even though the security situation
Page 63 and 64:
THE PLA AND CHINA’S FOREIGN POLIC
Page 65 and 66:
Vice-Chairman and Politburo member
Page 67 and 68:
PLA NEAR-TERM CONCERNS With cross-S
Page 69 and 70:
the entire period with: “The whol
Page 71 and 72:
of the United States deployed in th
Page 73 and 74:
Daily article criticized the docume
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India does not match China in econo
Page 77 and 78:
tential threat to China’s most im
Page 79 and 80:
pulse of the other, even as suspici
Page 81 and 82:
in rebuilding the country has been
Page 83 and 84:
The SCO nonetheless allows both to
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warned against Vietnam’s planned
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and South China Seas, although thes
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August 2009 meeting of the MMCA and
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ness of Japan. Moreover, the PLA kn
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wan issue and agreed to expand mili
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invasion of China is anticipated. S
Page 97 and 98:
operations was clearly designed to
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mitments Beijing has already made a
Page 101 and 102:
11. Major General Shou Xiaosong,
Page 103 and 104:
34. Liu Yang and Guo Feng, “What
Page 105 and 106:
57. James Manicom, “China’s Cla
Page 107 and 108:
CHAPTER 3 DISCOURSE IN 3-D: THE PLA
Page 109 and 110:
“under high technology conditions
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to command the gun (as Mao famously
Page 113 and 114:
of that year and then first cited i
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arms into full play, combine offens
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. . . military deterrence, military
Page 119 and 120:
the post-Mao era. However, against
Page 121 and 122:
ship between construction of core m
Page 123 and 124:
to spearhead efforts in this area.
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oots party entities, government ent
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merous nonwar activities and heavil
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ational capabilities. As James Q. W
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disappear, there may be voices clai
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mands of military modernization and
Page 135 and 136:
ENDNOTES - CHAPTER 3 1. China’s N
Page 137 and 138:
11. China’s National Defense in 2
Page 139 and 140:
32. According to the 2009 Defense W
Page 141:
53. Conversations with PLA research
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the field about the continued relev
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ment of most serious Party disputes
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China’s case is a lot more compli
Page 150 and 151:
East China Seas to exercise maximum
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obsessed more with the high-tech
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a natural requirement for officers
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and the CMC military affairs). This
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pact on China’s relations with ma
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Party Center (党中央). 35 This s
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HU JINTAO AND CHINA’S CHANGING CI
Page 164 and 165:
predictability in his interaction w
Page 166 and 167:
his control over the gun at the sam
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Challenge Ahead: In Search of the N
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in Party affairs. In contrast, Li i
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Secretary General. This is a positi
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differences that are often times in
Page 176 and 177:
in Hu’s hands. Lengthy debate is
Page 178 and 179:
is how to pursue the next round of
Page 180 and 181:
convinced people. For the sake of m
Page 182 and 183:
Terrorist threats remain real, alth
Page 184 and 185:
y a strategic question of whether M
Page 186 and 187:
no longer routine, especially given
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5. Amos Perlmutter and William LeoG
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18. The U.S. Secretary of State con
Page 192 and 193:
vilian leaders what they should not
Page 194 and 195:
46. Wen’s power lies in the State
Page 196 and 197:
60. You Ji, “Taiwan in the Politi
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78. Liu Yongxin, “连锁反应背
Page 201 and 202:
CHAPTER 5 TOWARDS AN INTEGRATIVE C4
Page 203 and 204:
pivotal year in the PLA’s quest f
Page 205 and 206:
and information support capabilitie
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4. Innovation consists of making le
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increase. In developing information
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1. In 1978, a phase-one network est
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960-1,215 MHz frequency band. 42 As
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Communication problems have also ar
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联合作战). This transition from
Page 219 and 220:
fundamental impediment to fostering
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such training has been done on a te
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The 2005 training goals stressed
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to “promote the healthy and order
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make overall plans for joint traini
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est, suggests that a lack of a basi
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Despite the emphasis on information
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explore opportunities. These effort
Page 235 and 236:
5. Vice Admiral Arthur K. Cebrowski
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28. Ibid., p. 138. 29. Zhou Ming,
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Type of Theater Joint Command Infor
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66. Zhang Liansong and Liu Jing,
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Demonstration and Planning Meeting
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making under difficult circumstance
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The PRC only began to build a forma
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that the primary responsibility for
Page 252 and 253:
As they considered the lessons lear
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in Wenchuan County in the western p
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to a number of weak points from whi
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unifying, and streamlining a pletho
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government statistics that indicate
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ights. The Menglian incident involv
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line. Similar to the Weng’an and
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ing out of internal security tasks.
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usual insignia of either the police
Page 270 and 271:
XINJIANG: THE URUMQI RIOT When it r
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lessons, if any, the PLA/PAP and th
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When they did move in to reassert c
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of the military in an emergency man
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PAP would presumably draw on the ta
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2008 and in Urumqi in 2009 is indic
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ternal MOOTW has, in fact, had any
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tions on policing and internal secu
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16. “Martial Law of the People’
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Military’s Earthquake Response Le
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(PLA Daily), June 9, 2008, p. 1; We
Page 292 and 293:
58. For example, on September 5, 20
Page 294 and 295:
68. Yu Jianrong, Yang Huijing and X
Page 296 and 297:
of the nature and seriousness of th
Page 298 and 299:
91. Murray Scot Tanner, quoted in E
Page 300 and 301:
103. Patel, “Chinese Disaster Rel
Page 303 and 304:
CHAPTER 7 CHINESE SEA POWER IN ACTI
Page 305 and 306:
tary operations capabilities.” 6
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sible solution to an unexpected but
Page 309 and 310:
China’s 3 decades of involvement
Page 311 and 312:
The PLAN chose some of its newest,
Page 313 and 314:
Vessel Hull # Class Type Displaceme
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jing’s official news media consta
Page 317 and 318:
These very cautious rules of engage
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PLAN warship(s) will maintain simil
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guarded the Chinese merchant ship Z
Page 323 and 324:
EQUIPMENT, PERSONNEL, AND LOGISTICS
Page 325 and 326:
Fourth Deployment: On October 30, 2
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ector of the PLAN headquarters gene
Page 329 and 330:
The most dramatic innovations in sa
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tional counterparts. Combined Task
Page 333 and 334:
So why is Beijing making this effor
Page 335 and 336:
litical systems and ideology are at
Page 337 and 338:
Zhang Zhaoyin, deputy group army co
Page 339 and 340:
maintenance activities in African p
Page 341 and 342:
Platform Nuclear Attack Submarines
Page 343 and 344:
To be sure, proponents of SLOC defe
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sions, but it may gradually acquire
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for great power influence and rival
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crisis, as they would be harming re
Page 351 and 352:
In the future, any facilities that
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carriers might rapidly become an im
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mons. In fact, the prospects for Ch
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enefit from diversion of U.S. atten
Page 359 and 360:
13. Andrew S. Erickson, “Pipe Dre
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China is not similarly involved in
Page 363 and 364:
40. Huang Li, p. 178. 41. Ibid., pp
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62. “Piracy Draws China Back to t
Page 367 and 368:
85. “China Ready to Pay Ransom to
Page 369 and 370:
106. See several articles on “Res
Page 371 and 372:
121. Lt. Jennifer Cragg, “Navy Ta
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143. Phoenix TV, July 23, 2009; Jam
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第一次党代表会代表时强
Page 377 and 378:
164. The author must credit Nan Li
Page 379 and 380:
number of factors, including observ
Page 381 and 382:
183. Senior Captain Xu Qi, PLAN,
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tive attack submarines, many more r
Page 385 and 386:
CHAPTER 8 PEOPLE’S LIBERATION ARM
Page 387 and 388:
Though limited in number, these exe
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Russia 6 Multiple SCO Members 4 Kyr
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The post-9/11 threat of al-Qaida an
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which “a group of international t
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off with each other just like old f
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After the air forces had attained d
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port.” 27 The live-fire portion o
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elements from two Mechanized Infant
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Observers frequently hear similar s
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Mai, Thailand. “Strike-2008” wa
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have been the “first” such even
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hensive Training Base, Guilin. Sixt
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The live demonstration phase of the
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ernment has cracked down on several
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sion-2009.” As for PAP training i
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ut only to limited degrees for the
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creasing time and distance traveled
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As such, they present outsiders an
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ilities, among other subjects. Howe
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in Roy Kamphausen and Andrew Scobel
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jun Bao Online in Chinese, December
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54. “First Sino-Russian port emer
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68. “Coordination of PRC, Russian
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85. “Full text: China’s African
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Exercise-01 APPENDIX - CHAPTER 8 CH
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CHAPTER 9 MILITARY EXCHANGES WITH C
Page 439 and 440:
ization, has caused anxiety among t
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6. To independently develop militar
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defense consultations as an importa
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it appears that foreign naval and a
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communicates a positive and reassur
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Years Number of Foreign Number of F
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According to the 1998 Defense White
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Master Sergeant James A. Roy, led t
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in their ability to venture beyond
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tion.” According to the Council o
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vide training and familiarization i
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and news media to observe it up clo
Page 463 and 464:
“Operational Diplomacy”: Peacek
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PLAN launched in 2007, for HA-DR ef
Page 467 and 468:
sale of Chinese arms abroad and to
Page 469 and 470:
The increasing scope and sophistica
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16. “Appendix III: Participation
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34. China’s National Defense in 2
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55. “Major overseas visits of PLA
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75. Ibid.; China’s National Defen
Page 479 and 480:
89. “China’s Growing Role in UN
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107. Siva Govindasamy, “Dubai 09:
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• December 2007: Kenya, Kuwait, a
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ENDNOTES - APPENDIX B - CHAPTER 9 1
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Egypt, Finland (2), Greece, Hungary
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CHAPTER 10 EMERGING GRAND STRATEGY
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of higher learning and other civili
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duration, and would depend heavily
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tutions, defense companies, univers
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lining government agency functions.
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creation of MIIT. This office’s p
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other countries closely and made th
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compare favorably to 80 percent in
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ernment’s initiatives to overhaul
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vestment. 77 Yet by the end of 2005
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In reality, however, numerous limit
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defense and civilian research and i
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agement. This includes many key SOE
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China Academy of Engineering Physic
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a new Defense Industry Alliance was
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absorbed and combined with in-house
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China’s defense establishment org
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sets (mainly in CASC) such as with
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United States but failed. It then t
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vation that would result would inev
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will grow increasingly difficult an
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technology, large oil and gas field
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15. Li Zhaoxing (李肇星), at Pre
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the National Defense Industry’s
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People’s Liberation Army”), CMC
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es Entering the Defense Industry Se
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70. These two regulations have been
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82. Responsibilities of CSRC in off
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percent of defense corporation is u
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101. “Zhejiang Province Determine
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tutes, funded by the NRDC; and tech
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130. Denis Fred Simon and Cong Cao,
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146. Universities, for example, Tsi
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Enterprise China North Optical-Elec
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Industry Investment Fund: APPENDIX
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10. Zhao Bo, “武器装备应用
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of China (PRC) in late 1949, milita
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This chapter seeks to provide an ov
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sional journals, such as Logistics
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USS Abraham Lincoln aircraft carrie
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will examine China’s current logi
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tribution, health service support [
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force, such as food, water and ice,
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LOGISTICS TRANSFORMATION GOALS AND
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3. Sustainment of Units Abroad, and
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Phase Three: • Under the joint le
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zone” (战区), while joint logis
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• All supporting facilities in th
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educed. Wary of the cost of militar
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user. As a result, these innovation
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As the link between the war front a
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tion distribution centers for close
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Date Mission Location Observers Tro
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than 50 kinds of 5 major categories
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ties, 118 while enhancing China’s
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acy missions in the Gulf of Aden, a
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• Decentralization versus central
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IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S. POLICY Truth
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U.S. commitments to Taiwan. If Chin
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3. The Army has been the main force
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19. See, for example, Ngok Lee, Chi
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37. Joint core logistics capabiliti
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58. Wang Guanghui and Wang Youlin,
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78. Feng Yongmin, Zhang Lingling, a
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“A Study of the Strategy of Build
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115. Antonio Castillo, “China in
Page 622 and 623:
• Three Generation (三代) refor
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ning, building, and using in a unif
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2005 • Hu Jintao asked military t
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2009 • Jan—Chinese missile-arme
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2. Hu Fuwen, “On Realizing the Pr
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30. Ren Pan and Ju Zhenhau, “’P
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Wang Jinghai (王京海) Zhao Zhanp
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Jin Xiuman (金秀满) Military Veh
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Chen Guoshu (陈国书) Li Guangren
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Li Wanjun (荔万俊) An Introducti
Page 642 and 643:
Guo Qinmao (郭钦茂) Wang Benhong
Page 645 and 646:
ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS DANIEL ALDER
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policy, and technology issues, has
Page 649 and 650:
where she analyzed the frequency an
Page 651 and 652:
SUSAN M. PUSKA, a retired U.S. Army
Page 653 and 654:
macy, Foreign Policy and Defense St
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