The PLA at Home and Abroad - Strategic Studies Institute - U.S. Army

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cant influence in the shaping of PLA strategy—warns that “some of the foreign hostile forces” may “control the transport hubs and important sea routes for China to keep contact with the outside, and curb the lifeline China needs to develop.” 彭光谦 (Peng Guangqian), “从着重维护生存利益到着重维护发展利益—对国家安全战略指导重心转变的一点思” (“From the Focus on Safeguarding the Interests of Survival to the Focus on Safeguarding the Interests of Development”), 中国国防报 (National Defense News), January 17, 2007, OSC CPP20070119710012. These statements may allude to concerns about potential great power competitors, but they could also apply even to non-state actors like pirates. 8. 田中 (Rear Admiral Tian Zhong), “海军非战争军事行动的特点, 类型及能力建设” (“Characteristics, Types, and Capability Development of Naval Non-War Military Operations”), 中国军事科学 (China Military Science), No. 3, 2007; 沈金龙 (Shen Jinlong) “海军非战争军事行动面临的挑战及对策” (“Naval Non-War Military Operations: Challenges Faced and Coping Strategies”), 人民海军 (People’s Navy), January 20, 2009, p. 4. Tian is the commander of the North Sea Fleet, Shen is commander of a North Sea Fleet support base. 9. China has 260 shipping companies. Its flagged merchant fleet ranks fourth in the world, with 400,000 mariners crewing 3,300 ocean-going ships of 84.88 million deadweight tons. 张庆宝 (Zhang Qingbao), “‘海外经济利益应由自己来保护‘ —本报记者专访国家交通运输部合作司司长局成志” (“’We Should Protect Our Overseas Economic Interests’: An interview with Director-General Ju Chengzhi of the International Cooperation Department under the Ministry of Transportation”), 人民海军 (People’s Navy), January 9, 2009, p. 4. 10. “10% of GDP Now Comes from Sea, Says Report,” China Daily, April 10, 2007, available from www.chinadaily.com.cn. 11. Between January-October 2009, Chinese shipyards won 2.7 million compensated gross tons of total global ship orders, or 52.3 percent of the world total. 12. Skyrocketing car ownership will hamper efforts to make China’s economy less petroleum-intensive. 350
13. Andrew S. Erickson, “Pipe Dream—China Seeks Land and Sea Energy Security,” Jane’s Intelligence Review, China Watch, Vol. 21, No. 8, August 2009, pp. 54-55. 14. Wu Jiao, “Navies Seeking Better Ways to Battle Pirates,” China Daily, November 6, 2009, p. 1. It is unclear whether this means Chinese owned, Chinese flagged (or both), or simply carrying goods to China. 15. Alison A. Kaufman, China’s Participation in Anti-Piracy Operations off the Horn of Africa: Drivers and Implications, conference report, Alexandria, VA: CNA Corporation, 2009, p. 8. Interestingly, it is just this sort of (probably illegal) fishing that the Somalis site as the reason they have turned to piracy, yet “China has thus far refused to ratify the U.N. Fish Stocks Agreement.” Lyle Goldstein, “Strategic Implications of Chinese Fisheries Development,” Jamestown China Brief, Vol. 9, No. 16, August 5, 2009, available from www.jamestown.org/single/?no_cache=1&tx_ttnews%5Btt_ news%5D=35372. 16. “China to Bolster Image as Responsible Big Nation,” People’s Daily, December 24, 2008, available from english.people.com. cn/90001/90780/91342/6561221.html. 17. Pirates released the crew unharmed on February 8 after negotiations with Chinese diplomats. “Somali Pirates Release Chinese Boat After 3 Months in Captivity,” Agence France Press, February 8, 2009. 18. “Pictured: Desperate Chinese Sailors Fight off Somali Pirates with Beer Bottles and Molotov Cocktails,” The Daily Mail, December 23, 2008, available from www.dailymail.co.uk/news/ worldnews/article-1098125/Pictured-Desperate-Chinese-sailors-fight- Somali-pirates-beer-bottles-Molotov-cocktails.html. 19. “Chinese Ship Rescued in Gulf of Aden, Pirates Retreat,” Xinhua, December 17, 2008, available from www.chinadaily.com.cn/ china/2008-12/17/content_7315328.htm. 20. Wu Jiao and Peng Kuang, “Sailing to Strengthen Global Security,” China Daily, December 26, 2008, available from www. chinadaily.com.cn/china/2008-12/26/content_7342612.htm. 351
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THE PLA AT HOME AND ABROAD: ASSESSI
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CONTENTS Foreword .................
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FOREWORD It is a distinct honor to
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have been extremely satisfied with
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Also in 2009, the PLA Navy (PLAN) a
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their measures to improve the situa
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in the Asia-Pacific region, further
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tional Convention platform (Hu’s
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Second, the prosperous-nation-stron
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egy. National defense modernization
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advances, current Chinese leaders a
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Chinese leaders are well aware of t
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transformation in military affairs.
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Indeed, the United States now deplo
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through their learning from the U.S
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to gain an objective control measur
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ings on future wars depict a more p
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ever, is giving way to a more law-g
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of this PLAN fleet clearly has impl
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contribute to China’s foreign and
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military integration (CMI, [军民
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forces in both the defense and the
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For a long time, American leaders h
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14. Chinese leaders chose to use th
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26. Su Xisheng (苏希胜) et al.,
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CHAPTER 2 THE PEOPLE’S LIBERATION
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fold extensive, changing local secu
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the Association of Southeast Asian
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2 years earlier. After tracking in
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Even though the security situation
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THE PLA AND CHINA’S FOREIGN POLIC
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Vice-Chairman and Politburo member
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PLA NEAR-TERM CONCERNS With cross-S
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the entire period with: “The whol
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of the United States deployed in th
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Daily article criticized the docume
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India does not match China in econo
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tential threat to China’s most im
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pulse of the other, even as suspici
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in rebuilding the country has been
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The SCO nonetheless allows both to
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warned against Vietnam’s planned
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and South China Seas, although thes
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August 2009 meeting of the MMCA and
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ness of Japan. Moreover, the PLA kn
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wan issue and agreed to expand mili
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invasion of China is anticipated. S
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operations was clearly designed to
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mitments Beijing has already made a
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11. Major General Shou Xiaosong,
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34. Liu Yang and Guo Feng, “What
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57. James Manicom, “China’s Cla
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CHAPTER 3 DISCOURSE IN 3-D: THE PLA
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“under high technology conditions
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to command the gun (as Mao famously
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of that year and then first cited i
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arms into full play, combine offens
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. . . military deterrence, military
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the post-Mao era. However, against
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ship between construction of core m
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to spearhead efforts in this area.
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oots party entities, government ent
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merous nonwar activities and heavil
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ational capabilities. As James Q. W
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disappear, there may be voices clai
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mands of military modernization and
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ENDNOTES - CHAPTER 3 1. China’s N
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11. China’s National Defense in 2
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32. According to the 2009 Defense W
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53. Conversations with PLA research
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the field about the continued relev
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ment of most serious Party disputes
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China’s case is a lot more compli
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East China Seas to exercise maximum
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obsessed more with the high-tech
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a natural requirement for officers
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and the CMC military affairs). This
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pact on China’s relations with ma
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Party Center (党中央). 35 This s
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HU JINTAO AND CHINA’S CHANGING CI
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predictability in his interaction w
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his control over the gun at the sam
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Challenge Ahead: In Search of the N
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in Party affairs. In contrast, Li i
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Secretary General. This is a positi
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differences that are often times in
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in Hu’s hands. Lengthy debate is
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is how to pursue the next round of
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convinced people. For the sake of m
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Terrorist threats remain real, alth
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y a strategic question of whether M
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no longer routine, especially given
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5. Amos Perlmutter and William LeoG
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18. The U.S. Secretary of State con
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vilian leaders what they should not
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46. Wen’s power lies in the State
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60. You Ji, “Taiwan in the Politi
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78. Liu Yongxin, “连锁反应背
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CHAPTER 5 TOWARDS AN INTEGRATIVE C4
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pivotal year in the PLA’s quest f
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and information support capabilitie
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4. Innovation consists of making le
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increase. In developing information
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1. In 1978, a phase-one network est
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960-1,215 MHz frequency band. 42 As
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Communication problems have also ar
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联合作战). This transition from
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fundamental impediment to fostering
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such training has been done on a te
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The 2005 training goals stressed
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to “promote the healthy and order
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make overall plans for joint traini
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est, suggests that a lack of a basi
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Despite the emphasis on information
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explore opportunities. These effort
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5. Vice Admiral Arthur K. Cebrowski
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28. Ibid., p. 138. 29. Zhou Ming,
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Type of Theater Joint Command Infor
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66. Zhang Liansong and Liu Jing,
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Demonstration and Planning Meeting
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making under difficult circumstance
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The PRC only began to build a forma
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that the primary responsibility for
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As they considered the lessons lear
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in Wenchuan County in the western p
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to a number of weak points from whi
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unifying, and streamlining a pletho
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government statistics that indicate
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ights. The Menglian incident involv
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line. Similar to the Weng’an and
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ing out of internal security tasks.
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usual insignia of either the police
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XINJIANG: THE URUMQI RIOT When it r
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lessons, if any, the PLA/PAP and th
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When they did move in to reassert c
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of the military in an emergency man
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PAP would presumably draw on the ta
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2008 and in Urumqi in 2009 is indic
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ternal MOOTW has, in fact, had any
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tions on policing and internal secu
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16. “Martial Law of the People’
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Military’s Earthquake Response Le
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(PLA Daily), June 9, 2008, p. 1; We
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58. For example, on September 5, 20
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68. Yu Jianrong, Yang Huijing and X
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of the nature and seriousness of th
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91. Murray Scot Tanner, quoted in E
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103. Patel, “Chinese Disaster Rel
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CHAPTER 7 CHINESE SEA POWER IN ACTI
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tary operations capabilities.” 6
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Page 323 and 324: EQUIPMENT, PERSONNEL, AND LOGISTICS
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Page 333 and 334: So why is Beijing making this effor
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Page 337 and 338: Zhang Zhaoyin, deputy group army co
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Page 343 and 344: To be sure, proponents of SLOC defe
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Page 363 and 364: 40. Huang Li, p. 178. 41. Ibid., pp
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Page 375 and 376: 第一次党代表会代表时强
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Page 385 and 386: CHAPTER 8 PEOPLE’S LIBERATION ARM
Page 387 and 388: Though limited in number, these exe
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Page 395 and 396: off with each other just like old f
Page 397 and 398: After the air forces had attained d
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hensive Training Base, Guilin. Sixt
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The live demonstration phase of the
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ernment has cracked down on several
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sion-2009.” As for PAP training i
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ut only to limited degrees for the
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creasing time and distance traveled
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As such, they present outsiders an
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ilities, among other subjects. Howe
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in Roy Kamphausen and Andrew Scobel
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jun Bao Online in Chinese, December
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54. “First Sino-Russian port emer
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68. “Coordination of PRC, Russian
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85. “Full text: China’s African
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Exercise-01 APPENDIX - CHAPTER 8 CH
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CHAPTER 9 MILITARY EXCHANGES WITH C
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ization, has caused anxiety among t
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6. To independently develop militar
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defense consultations as an importa
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it appears that foreign naval and a
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communicates a positive and reassur
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Years Number of Foreign Number of F
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According to the 1998 Defense White
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Master Sergeant James A. Roy, led t
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in their ability to venture beyond
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tion.” According to the Council o
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vide training and familiarization i
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and news media to observe it up clo
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“Operational Diplomacy”: Peacek
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PLAN launched in 2007, for HA-DR ef
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sale of Chinese arms abroad and to
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The increasing scope and sophistica
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16. “Appendix III: Participation
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34. China’s National Defense in 2
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55. “Major overseas visits of PLA
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75. Ibid.; China’s National Defen
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89. “China’s Growing Role in UN
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107. Siva Govindasamy, “Dubai 09:
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• December 2007: Kenya, Kuwait, a
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ENDNOTES - APPENDIX B - CHAPTER 9 1
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Egypt, Finland (2), Greece, Hungary
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CHAPTER 10 EMERGING GRAND STRATEGY
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of higher learning and other civili
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duration, and would depend heavily
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tutions, defense companies, univers
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lining government agency functions.
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creation of MIIT. This office’s p
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other countries closely and made th
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compare favorably to 80 percent in
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ernment’s initiatives to overhaul
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vestment. 77 Yet by the end of 2005
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In reality, however, numerous limit
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defense and civilian research and i
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agement. This includes many key SOE
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China Academy of Engineering Physic
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a new Defense Industry Alliance was
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absorbed and combined with in-house
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China’s defense establishment org
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sets (mainly in CASC) such as with
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United States but failed. It then t
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vation that would result would inev
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will grow increasingly difficult an
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technology, large oil and gas field
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15. Li Zhaoxing (李肇星), at Pre
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the National Defense Industry’s
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People’s Liberation Army”), CMC
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es Entering the Defense Industry Se
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70. These two regulations have been
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82. Responsibilities of CSRC in off
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percent of defense corporation is u
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101. “Zhejiang Province Determine
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tutes, funded by the NRDC; and tech
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130. Denis Fred Simon and Cong Cao,
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146. Universities, for example, Tsi
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Enterprise China North Optical-Elec
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Industry Investment Fund: APPENDIX
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10. Zhao Bo, “武器装备应用
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of China (PRC) in late 1949, milita
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This chapter seeks to provide an ov
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sional journals, such as Logistics
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USS Abraham Lincoln aircraft carrie
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will examine China’s current logi
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tribution, health service support [
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force, such as food, water and ice,
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LOGISTICS TRANSFORMATION GOALS AND
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3. Sustainment of Units Abroad, and
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Phase Three: • Under the joint le
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zone” (战区), while joint logis
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• All supporting facilities in th
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educed. Wary of the cost of militar
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user. As a result, these innovation
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As the link between the war front a
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tion distribution centers for close
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Date Mission Location Observers Tro
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than 50 kinds of 5 major categories
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ties, 118 while enhancing China’s
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acy missions in the Gulf of Aden, a
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• Decentralization versus central
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IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S. POLICY Truth
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U.S. commitments to Taiwan. If Chin
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3. The Army has been the main force
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19. See, for example, Ngok Lee, Chi
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37. Joint core logistics capabiliti
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58. Wang Guanghui and Wang Youlin,
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78. Feng Yongmin, Zhang Lingling, a
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“A Study of the Strategy of Build
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115. Antonio Castillo, “China in
Page 622 and 623:
• Three Generation (三代) refor
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ning, building, and using in a unif
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2005 • Hu Jintao asked military t
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2009 • Jan—Chinese missile-arme
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2. Hu Fuwen, “On Realizing the Pr
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30. Ren Pan and Ju Zhenhau, “’P
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Wang Jinghai (王京海) Zhao Zhanp
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Jin Xiuman (金秀满) Military Veh
Page 638 and 639:
Chen Guoshu (陈国书) Li Guangren
Page 640 and 641:
Li Wanjun (荔万俊) An Introducti
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Guo Qinmao (郭钦茂) Wang Benhong
Page 645 and 646:
ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS DANIEL ALDER
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policy, and technology issues, has
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where she analyzed the frequency an
Page 651 and 652:
SUSAN M. PUSKA, a retired U.S. Army
Page 653 and 654:
macy, Foreign Policy and Defense St
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