The PLA at Home and Abroad - Strategic Studies Institute - U.S. Army

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of the nature and seriousness of the threat that Uyghur separatist activities have posed to China, see Martin I. Wayne, China’s War on Terrorism: Counter-insurgency, Politics, and Internal Security, London, UK: Routledge, 2008. 82. Fiona Tam and Chi-yuk Choi, “They Hacked Police with Machetes, then They Threw Grenades,” South China Morning Post Online, June 8, 2008. 83. James Millward, “Violent Separatism in Xinjiang: A Critical Assessment,” pp. 16-17; “Remember the Gulja massacre? China’s crackdown on peaceful protesters,” Amnesty International, January 2, 2007, available from www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/ ASA17/002/2007/en/dom-ASA170022007en.html; a video purporting to show footage from the Yining (Gulja) incident may be viewed at www.youtube.com/watch?v=4RUCOrg2Pb0. Amnesty International suggests that “(h)undreds, possibly thousands, lost their lives or were seriously injured” in this incident. Another source reports that 192 were killed in the crackdown, of which 100 were PAP officers. See Shinchen Wong and Andrei Chang, “Riots of Ethnic Minorities Challenge China’s General National Defence Strategies,” Kanwa Asian Defense Review Vol. 46, August 31, 2008, pp. 20-22. 84. “官方证实新疆和田三月发生分裂分子闹事事件" (“Officials affirm the March occurrence of a separatist incident in Xinjiang’s Hetian”), 中国新闻网 (China News Net), April 4, 2008, available from www.chinanews.com.cn/gn/news/2008/04-04/1211861. shtml; Michael Anderson, “Breaking News - The CCP blocks news and represses mass protests in Hetian, Xinjiang,” Sohnews. com, April 2, 2008, available from www.sohnews.com/2008/04/03/ breaking-news-the-ccp-blocks-news-and-represses-mass-protestsin-hetian-xinjiang/. 85. Edward Wong, “China Locks Down Restive Region After Deadly Clashes,” The New York Times, July 6, 2009, available from www.nytimes.com/2009/07/07/world/asia/07china.html; Jonathan Watts, “Old Suspicions Magnified Mistrust into Ethnic Riots in Urumqi,” The Guardian, July 10, 2009, available from www. guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jul/10/china-riots-uighurs-han-urumqi; Kathleen E. McLaughlin, “Fear Grips Shaoguan’s Uighurs,” Far Eastern Economic Review, July 17, 2009, available from www.feer. com/politics/2009/july58/Fear-Grips-Shaoguans-Uighurs. 288
86. The Chinese government has suggested that the demonstrations and subsequent rioting were instigated and organized from abroad by the Uyghur dissident leader Rebiya Kadeer and her World Uyghur Congress, but has offered no conclusive proof of these allegations. See “China for unequivocal stand against ethnic separation,” The New Nation, July 9, 2009, available from www. nation.ittefaq.com/issues/2009/07/09/news0324.htm; Li Wei, a terrorism expert at China’s Institute of Contemporary International Relations, was quoted as saying: “I have not found any proof that points to linkage between the riot and other terrorist groups. …” Quoted in Ariana E. Cha, “China, Uighur Groups Give Conflicting Riot Accounts,” The Washington Post, July 25, 2009, available from www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/07/24/ AR2009072403648.html. 87.”新疆披露打砸抢烧杀暴力犯罪事件当日发展始末” (“Xinjiang publishes timeline of developments on the day of the violent criminal beating, smashing, looting, burning, killing incident”), Chinanews.com, July 6, 2009, available from www.chinanews.com.cn/ gn/news/2009/07-06/1762907.shtml. 88. “新疆披露打砸抢烧杀暴力犯罪事件当日发展始末” (“Xinjiang publishes timeline of developments on the day of the violent criminal beating, smashing, looting, burning, killing incident”); Tania Branigan and Jonathan Watts, “Muslim Uighurs riot as ethnic tensions rise in western China,” The Guardian, July 5, 2009, available from www.guardian.co.uk/world/2009/jul/05/china-uighurriots-xianjing; Ariana E. Cha, “China, Uighur Groups give Conflicting Riot Accounts”; Edward Wong, “Riots in Western China Amid Ethnic Tension,” The New York Times, July 5, 2009, available from www.nytimes.com/2009/07/06/world/asia/06china.html. 89. Edward Wong, “Chinese Question Police Absence in Ethnic Riots,” The New York Times, July 17, 2009, available from www. nytimes.com/2009/07/18/world/asia/18xinjiang.html. 90. Tania Branigan and Jonathan Watts, “Muslim Uighurs riot as ethnic tensions rise in western China”; Shai Oster and Gordon Fairclough, “Ethnic Tensions Escalate in China’s Xinjiang Region,” The Wall Street Journal, July 8, 2009, available from www. online.wsj.com/article/SB124695275387404741.html. 289
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THE PLA AT HOME AND ABROAD: ASSESSI
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CONTENTS Foreword .................
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FOREWORD It is a distinct honor to
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have been extremely satisfied with
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Also in 2009, the PLA Navy (PLAN) a
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their measures to improve the situa
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in the Asia-Pacific region, further
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tional Convention platform (Hu’s
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Second, the prosperous-nation-stron
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egy. National defense modernization
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advances, current Chinese leaders a
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Chinese leaders are well aware of t
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transformation in military affairs.
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Indeed, the United States now deplo
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through their learning from the U.S
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to gain an objective control measur
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ings on future wars depict a more p
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ever, is giving way to a more law-g
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of this PLAN fleet clearly has impl
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contribute to China’s foreign and
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military integration (CMI, [军民
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forces in both the defense and the
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For a long time, American leaders h
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14. Chinese leaders chose to use th
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26. Su Xisheng (苏希胜) et al.,
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CHAPTER 2 THE PEOPLE’S LIBERATION
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fold extensive, changing local secu
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the Association of Southeast Asian
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2 years earlier. After tracking in
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Even though the security situation
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THE PLA AND CHINA’S FOREIGN POLIC
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Vice-Chairman and Politburo member
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PLA NEAR-TERM CONCERNS With cross-S
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the entire period with: “The whol
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of the United States deployed in th
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Daily article criticized the docume
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India does not match China in econo
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tential threat to China’s most im
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pulse of the other, even as suspici
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in rebuilding the country has been
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The SCO nonetheless allows both to
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warned against Vietnam’s planned
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and South China Seas, although thes
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August 2009 meeting of the MMCA and
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ness of Japan. Moreover, the PLA kn
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wan issue and agreed to expand mili
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invasion of China is anticipated. S
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operations was clearly designed to
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mitments Beijing has already made a
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11. Major General Shou Xiaosong,
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34. Liu Yang and Guo Feng, “What
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57. James Manicom, “China’s Cla
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CHAPTER 3 DISCOURSE IN 3-D: THE PLA
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“under high technology conditions
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to command the gun (as Mao famously
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of that year and then first cited i
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arms into full play, combine offens
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. . . military deterrence, military
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the post-Mao era. However, against
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ship between construction of core m
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to spearhead efforts in this area.
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oots party entities, government ent
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merous nonwar activities and heavil
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ational capabilities. As James Q. W
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disappear, there may be voices clai
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mands of military modernization and
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ENDNOTES - CHAPTER 3 1. China’s N
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11. China’s National Defense in 2
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32. According to the 2009 Defense W
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53. Conversations with PLA research
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the field about the continued relev
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ment of most serious Party disputes
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China’s case is a lot more compli
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East China Seas to exercise maximum
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obsessed more with the high-tech
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a natural requirement for officers
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and the CMC military affairs). This
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pact on China’s relations with ma
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Party Center (党中央). 35 This s
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HU JINTAO AND CHINA’S CHANGING CI
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predictability in his interaction w
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his control over the gun at the sam
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Challenge Ahead: In Search of the N
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in Party affairs. In contrast, Li i
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Secretary General. This is a positi
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differences that are often times in
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in Hu’s hands. Lengthy debate is
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is how to pursue the next round of
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convinced people. For the sake of m
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Terrorist threats remain real, alth
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y a strategic question of whether M
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no longer routine, especially given
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5. Amos Perlmutter and William LeoG
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18. The U.S. Secretary of State con
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vilian leaders what they should not
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46. Wen’s power lies in the State
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60. You Ji, “Taiwan in the Politi
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78. Liu Yongxin, “连锁反应背
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CHAPTER 5 TOWARDS AN INTEGRATIVE C4
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pivotal year in the PLA’s quest f
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and information support capabilitie
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4. Innovation consists of making le
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increase. In developing information
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1. In 1978, a phase-one network est
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960-1,215 MHz frequency band. 42 As
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Communication problems have also ar
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联合作战). This transition from
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fundamental impediment to fostering
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such training has been done on a te
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The 2005 training goals stressed
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to “promote the healthy and order
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make overall plans for joint traini
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est, suggests that a lack of a basi
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Despite the emphasis on information
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explore opportunities. These effort
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5. Vice Admiral Arthur K. Cebrowski
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28. Ibid., p. 138. 29. Zhou Ming,
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Type of Theater Joint Command Infor
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66. Zhang Liansong and Liu Jing,
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Demonstration and Planning Meeting
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Page 270 and 271: XINJIANG: THE URUMQI RIOT When it r
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Page 284 and 285: tions on policing and internal secu
Page 286 and 287: 16. “Martial Law of the People’
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Page 290 and 291: (PLA Daily), June 9, 2008, p. 1; We
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Page 303 and 304: CHAPTER 7 CHINESE SEA POWER IN ACTI
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Page 311 and 312: The PLAN chose some of its newest,
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Page 323 and 324: EQUIPMENT, PERSONNEL, AND LOGISTICS
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Page 329 and 330: The most dramatic innovations in sa
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Page 333 and 334: So why is Beijing making this effor
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Page 337 and 338: Zhang Zhaoyin, deputy group army co
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for great power influence and rival
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crisis, as they would be harming re
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In the future, any facilities that
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carriers might rapidly become an im
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mons. In fact, the prospects for Ch
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enefit from diversion of U.S. atten
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13. Andrew S. Erickson, “Pipe Dre
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China is not similarly involved in
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40. Huang Li, p. 178. 41. Ibid., pp
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62. “Piracy Draws China Back to t
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85. “China Ready to Pay Ransom to
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106. See several articles on “Res
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121. Lt. Jennifer Cragg, “Navy Ta
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143. Phoenix TV, July 23, 2009; Jam
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第一次党代表会代表时强
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164. The author must credit Nan Li
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number of factors, including observ
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183. Senior Captain Xu Qi, PLAN,
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tive attack submarines, many more r
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CHAPTER 8 PEOPLE’S LIBERATION ARM
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Though limited in number, these exe
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Russia 6 Multiple SCO Members 4 Kyr
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The post-9/11 threat of al-Qaida an
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which “a group of international t
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off with each other just like old f
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After the air forces had attained d
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port.” 27 The live-fire portion o
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elements from two Mechanized Infant
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Observers frequently hear similar s
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Mai, Thailand. “Strike-2008” wa
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have been the “first” such even
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hensive Training Base, Guilin. Sixt
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The live demonstration phase of the
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ernment has cracked down on several
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sion-2009.” As for PAP training i
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ut only to limited degrees for the
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creasing time and distance traveled
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As such, they present outsiders an
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ilities, among other subjects. Howe
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in Roy Kamphausen and Andrew Scobel
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jun Bao Online in Chinese, December
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54. “First Sino-Russian port emer
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68. “Coordination of PRC, Russian
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85. “Full text: China’s African
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Exercise-01 APPENDIX - CHAPTER 8 CH
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CHAPTER 9 MILITARY EXCHANGES WITH C
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ization, has caused anxiety among t
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6. To independently develop militar
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defense consultations as an importa
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it appears that foreign naval and a
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communicates a positive and reassur
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Years Number of Foreign Number of F
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According to the 1998 Defense White
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Master Sergeant James A. Roy, led t
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in their ability to venture beyond
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tion.” According to the Council o
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vide training and familiarization i
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and news media to observe it up clo
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“Operational Diplomacy”: Peacek
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PLAN launched in 2007, for HA-DR ef
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sale of Chinese arms abroad and to
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The increasing scope and sophistica
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16. “Appendix III: Participation
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34. China’s National Defense in 2
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55. “Major overseas visits of PLA
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75. Ibid.; China’s National Defen
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89. “China’s Growing Role in UN
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107. Siva Govindasamy, “Dubai 09:
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• December 2007: Kenya, Kuwait, a
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ENDNOTES - APPENDIX B - CHAPTER 9 1
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Egypt, Finland (2), Greece, Hungary
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CHAPTER 10 EMERGING GRAND STRATEGY
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of higher learning and other civili
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duration, and would depend heavily
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tutions, defense companies, univers
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lining government agency functions.
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creation of MIIT. This office’s p
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other countries closely and made th
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compare favorably to 80 percent in
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ernment’s initiatives to overhaul
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vestment. 77 Yet by the end of 2005
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In reality, however, numerous limit
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defense and civilian research and i
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agement. This includes many key SOE
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China Academy of Engineering Physic
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a new Defense Industry Alliance was
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absorbed and combined with in-house
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China’s defense establishment org
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sets (mainly in CASC) such as with
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United States but failed. It then t
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vation that would result would inev
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will grow increasingly difficult an
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technology, large oil and gas field
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15. Li Zhaoxing (李肇星), at Pre
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the National Defense Industry’s
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People’s Liberation Army”), CMC
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es Entering the Defense Industry Se
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70. These two regulations have been
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82. Responsibilities of CSRC in off
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percent of defense corporation is u
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101. “Zhejiang Province Determine
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tutes, funded by the NRDC; and tech
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130. Denis Fred Simon and Cong Cao,
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146. Universities, for example, Tsi
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Enterprise China North Optical-Elec
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Industry Investment Fund: APPENDIX
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10. Zhao Bo, “武器装备应用
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of China (PRC) in late 1949, milita
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This chapter seeks to provide an ov
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sional journals, such as Logistics
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USS Abraham Lincoln aircraft carrie
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will examine China’s current logi
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tribution, health service support [
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force, such as food, water and ice,
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LOGISTICS TRANSFORMATION GOALS AND
Page 578 and 579:
3. Sustainment of Units Abroad, and
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Phase Three: • Under the joint le
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zone” (战区), while joint logis
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• All supporting facilities in th
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educed. Wary of the cost of militar
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user. As a result, these innovation
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As the link between the war front a
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tion distribution centers for close
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Date Mission Location Observers Tro
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than 50 kinds of 5 major categories
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ties, 118 while enhancing China’s
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acy missions in the Gulf of Aden, a
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• Decentralization versus central
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IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S. POLICY Truth
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U.S. commitments to Taiwan. If Chin
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3. The Army has been the main force
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19. See, for example, Ngok Lee, Chi
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37. Joint core logistics capabiliti
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58. Wang Guanghui and Wang Youlin,
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78. Feng Yongmin, Zhang Lingling, a
Page 618 and 619:
“A Study of the Strategy of Build
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115. Antonio Castillo, “China in
Page 622 and 623:
• Three Generation (三代) refor
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ning, building, and using in a unif
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2005 • Hu Jintao asked military t
Page 628 and 629:
2009 • Jan—Chinese missile-arme
Page 630 and 631:
2. Hu Fuwen, “On Realizing the Pr
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30. Ren Pan and Ju Zhenhau, “’P
Page 634 and 635:
Wang Jinghai (王京海) Zhao Zhanp
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Jin Xiuman (金秀满) Military Veh
Page 638 and 639:
Chen Guoshu (陈国书) Li Guangren
Page 640 and 641:
Li Wanjun (荔万俊) An Introducti
Page 642 and 643:
Guo Qinmao (郭钦茂) Wang Benhong
Page 645 and 646:
ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS DANIEL ALDER
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policy, and technology issues, has
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where she analyzed the frequency an
Page 651 and 652:
SUSAN M. PUSKA, a retired U.S. Army
Page 653 and 654:
macy, Foreign Policy and Defense St
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