The PLA at Home and Abroad - Strategic Studies Institute - U.S. Army

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CHAPTER 4 CHANGING CIVIL-MILITARY RELATIONS IN CHINA You Ji Daniel Alderman The People’s Liberation Army (PLA) celebrated its 82nd birthday in August 2009. Compared with earlier milestones in 1927 and 1949, the PLA today is very different. Among the many changes that the PLA has undergone, its dramatic change vis-à-vis the PRC’s civilian leadership has been most visible. 1 This can be concretely tested by Hu Jintao’s way of commanding the military, which represents a sharp contrast with all his predecessors. Simply put, he is the first Chinese Communist Party (CCP) leader whose power consolidation is not through first controlling the gun. He is the first post-Mao leader whose control of the gun is based on first establishing a high level of popularity in the Party and society and then acquiring military compliance; and he is also the first leader who commands the military without first creating a structural personnel network within the Party and the PLA to manage powerful generals. Are these novelties permanent features of a new kind of civil-military relations in the making in China, or are they just an isolated development due to the personal leadership style of one particular Party leader? 2 Whatever the answer is, it further intensifies the on-going debate in 135
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THE PLA AT HOME AND ABROAD: ASSESSI
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CONTENTS Foreword .................
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FOREWORD It is a distinct honor to
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have been extremely satisfied with
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Also in 2009, the PLA Navy (PLAN) a
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their measures to improve the situa
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in the Asia-Pacific region, further
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tional Convention platform (Hu’s
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Second, the prosperous-nation-stron
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egy. National defense modernization
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advances, current Chinese leaders a
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Chinese leaders are well aware of t
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transformation in military affairs.
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Indeed, the United States now deplo
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through their learning from the U.S
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to gain an objective control measur
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ings on future wars depict a more p
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ever, is giving way to a more law-g
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of this PLAN fleet clearly has impl
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contribute to China’s foreign and
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military integration (CMI, [军民
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forces in both the defense and the
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For a long time, American leaders h
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14. Chinese leaders chose to use th
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26. Su Xisheng (苏希胜) et al.,
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CHAPTER 2 THE PEOPLE’S LIBERATION
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fold extensive, changing local secu
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the Association of Southeast Asian
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2 years earlier. After tracking in
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Even though the security situation
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THE PLA AND CHINA’S FOREIGN POLIC
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Vice-Chairman and Politburo member
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PLA NEAR-TERM CONCERNS With cross-S
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the entire period with: “The whol
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of the United States deployed in th
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Daily article criticized the docume
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India does not match China in econo
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tential threat to China’s most im
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pulse of the other, even as suspici
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in rebuilding the country has been
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The SCO nonetheless allows both to
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warned against Vietnam’s planned
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and South China Seas, although thes
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August 2009 meeting of the MMCA and
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Page 97 and 98: operations was clearly designed to
Page 99 and 100: mitments Beijing has already made a
Page 101 and 102: 11. Major General Shou Xiaosong,
Page 103 and 104: 34. Liu Yang and Guo Feng, “What
Page 105 and 106: 57. James Manicom, “China’s Cla
Page 107 and 108: CHAPTER 3 DISCOURSE IN 3-D: THE PLA
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Page 125 and 126: oots party entities, government ent
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Page 135 and 136: ENDNOTES - CHAPTER 3 1. China’s N
Page 137 and 138: 11. China’s National Defense in 2
Page 139 and 140: 32. According to the 2009 Defense W
Page 141: 53. Conversations with PLA research
Page 145 and 146: Civil-Military Symbiosis: Identifyi
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Page 157 and 158: 2007. Because of the foreign minist
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Page 161 and 162: At the policy level, while the Poli
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Page 173 and 174: TAIWAN AS A TEST TO CHINA’S EVOLV
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Page 179 and 180: tary pressure alienated the majorit
Page 181 and 182: of PLA informatization, such as com
Page 183 and 184: the fact that the two sides are sti
Page 185 and 186: to PLA transformation centered on a
Page 187 and 188: ENDNOTES - CHAPTER 4 1. This chapte
Page 189 and 190: the CMC level. A pattern started to
Page 191 and 192: 24. Andrew Scobell put forward the
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41. “海军党委扩大会议召
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53. The vote was based on a list pr
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69. Beijing has cancelled a number
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dent sovereign state without a need
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gies are intended to provide. To th
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cept of network-centric warfare (NC
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military’s C4ISR systems,” 13 w
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3. Blue water: The PLA is to develo
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TECHNOLOGY ADVANCES The PLA has mad
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to meet the needs of wartime operat
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manner in which the joint communica
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NCW CAPABILITY: JOINT OPERATIONS Jo
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joint operations.” 62 It appears
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ficers have served as MR commanders
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ailcars for the Air Force. 74 Anoth
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ealistic training with the goal of
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icized the services for treating jo
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GSD have had to take a top down app
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The second stage is the comprehensi
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ut for now what emerges from PLA wr
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Over the longer-term, the developme
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14. See, for example, Wang Wangzhun
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39. Zhang Fuyou, “军事通信在
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57. Zhang, A Course in Joint Campai
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78. Sun Kaixiang and Su Ruozhou,
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CHAPTER 6 THE PEOPLE’S LIBERATION
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foreign armed forces. 5 Although th
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serves as the initial and, in lower
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ary 2008. The areas south of the Ya
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internal chaos, two staff officers
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command state that half an hour aft
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the Wenchuan earthquake showed that
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earthquake to that which would be d
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government and Party leaders tend t
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another girl had gone out with, tha
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and submachine guns) with which the
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given moral and material encouragem
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dling “riots, large-scale violent
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There is little evidence of any lar
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other areas, including the Grand Ba
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CONCLUSION: CHINA’S INTERNAL SECU
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exercises involving hundreds of tro
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nal security forces allowed riots t
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nomic recovery may have prevented s
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ENDNOTES - CHAPTER 6 1. I am discou
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8. Constitution of the People’s R
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troops for disaster relief in the s
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41. Sun Xianglin, Liu Zhongcheng, a
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53. Zhang Shengzhi, “加强对群
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22-25; Wang Tai Peng, “Lessons fr
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China Manages Internal Security Cha
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86. The Chinese government has sugg
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97. For examples, see the sources c
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disaster prevention agency. “Chin
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its prospects for future participat
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Why Beijing Had to Act. Security of
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member of the UNSC not to have cont
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other key goal is to register the p
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to the PLAN. Additionally, the 052B
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Rules of Engagement. Following the
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Article 107 of UNCLOS, “warships,
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and Taiwan for the PLAN to escort t
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ENCOUNTERS WITH PIRATES While the P
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malia’s territory to include land
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performed its first at-sea replenis
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derway, alongside connected, helico
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ear command team directed Zhenhua 4
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partment and the State Information
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ordinated Chinese helicopter flight
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Admiral, so it is a genuinely multi
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International. Surveying relevant a
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other military forces.” 150 The v
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ered variants of “sea control,”
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ut also safeguard . . . the ocean.
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forming many missions, and hence ar
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world peace.” 177 Specifically, D
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tradition and ideology and will be
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Port Country Relations with China C
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a new level of blue-water experienc
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nerabilities—and hence reluctant
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ENDNOTES - CHAPTER 7 1. Existing li
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cant influence in the shaping of PL
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21. For the importance of oil tanke
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31. Chinese shippers have seized a
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51. “Resolution 1851 (2008),” a
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75. Xia Hongping and Cao Haihua,
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JPG; Guo Gang, “(Escorts by Naval
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113. “China Ship Reporting System
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130. Guo Gang, “(Escort by Milita
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151. 李大光 (Li Daguang, Nationa
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is vital to China’s long-term dev
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Winter 2010, pp. 17-35. For indicat
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only would we be unable to make use
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ed., “Unveiling Our Country’s F
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203. Donna Miles, “U.S. Welcomes
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force exercises have involved relat
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sonnel, and major Chinese units inv
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oadcast about the exercise at the t
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orists. Similar doctrinally sound f
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200 total personnel to hunt down
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schedule for 2005 and commit approp
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“the first antiterrorism exercise
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Zhang’s explanation (the Chinese
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Following the 2 hours of field firi
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were reinforced by PLA tanks, armed
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Though there have been more PLA and
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PAP personnel from the Shanghai Fir
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of the series, with a total of abou
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The difference in helicopter attack
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as day and night live fire, first a
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the PLA University of Science and T
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Exercise artificialities, such as c
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fighting a local war, have not been
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2. Nanjing MR is located directly a
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15. “PRC: Details of ‘Coalition
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www.youtube.com/watch?v=6zIN75Jtwa4
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45. “Delhi Commentary Discusses I
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62. “Chinese and Singaporean mili
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chinamil.com.cn/xwpdxw/2009-09/15/c
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93. “Team Spirit,” available fr
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Cooperation-2007 Name Dates Partici
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• Reassure select countries; •
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Although, the Xinhua article quoted
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Military Diplomacy in Practice. The
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increased its exchange of military
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channel for PLA military diplomacy.
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PLA officials, another key purpose
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Although observers tend to focus on
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A specific example is that of the P
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The PLAN did not make its first for
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land, India, the United States, Fra
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The SCO “Peace Mission” combine
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sisted of three phases—planning,
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• The Chairman of the Joint Chief
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In June 2009, the PLA opened its fi
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Armament Department’s (GAD’s) B
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suming responsibility for internati
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5. Evan S. Medeiros and Taylor Frav
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available from fmprc.gov.cn/ce/celv
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42. China’s National Defense in 1
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66. Marcel de Haas, The ‘Peace Mi
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in Beijing as to the ultimate opera
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101. During the 1980s and 1990s, th
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APPENDIX A - CHAPTER 9 PRC MINISTER
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Year and Number of Trips/Year and C
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APPENDIX C - CHAPTER 9 SENIOR PLA O
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MR PCs (35 countries). Australia (2
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CMI, a sign of broader policy unity
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is so, why has China still produced
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the Equipment Bureau of General Sta
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missile destroyers, land-attack cru
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trial and technology capacity under
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ized, hierarchical leadership to di
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a competitive bidding system—both
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not available even to civilian ente
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date was to aggressively push ahead
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ing. These facilities are now prima
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fairness according to guidelines en
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tion, GAD, and Chinese Academy of S
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depending on their industrial capac
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in Zhejiang. This province holds th
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stitutes, the dozens of technology
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foreign technology rather than unde
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development for a long time. 138 Mo
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ties; 145 R&D, production, and desi
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tor a free hand to continue innovat
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the R&D/production chain. This will
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Edge: Assessing the Role of High-en
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11. The defense industry in the Sov
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20. PLA officer salaries were on av
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35. Ma Guojun (马国钧), “军
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Assessment of the Current Situation
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63. The Company Law of 1993 was pas
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75. Interview with Ye Guoji (叶国
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89. Interview with Ping’An Securi
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Liang (张良), “发改委将不
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110. For example, there are 99 comp
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products; electronics, IT, aviation
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emote sensing, electronic intellige
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and Ding Jianmin (丁建民), “
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ENDNOTES - APPENDIX A - CHAPTER 10
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ENDNOTES - APPENDIX B - CHAPTER 10
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CHAPTER 11 TAMING THE HYDRA: TRENDS
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into the murky world of PLA, Inc. T
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and expanded (see Appendix A for a
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sitive and problematic for both sid
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developments throughout the U.S. mi
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The U.S. military does not have an
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or more Military Departments’ log
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eaks through services’ boundaries
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nese military modernization. These
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Director, GLD, published an article
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or the Xinjiang Autonomous Region,
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in creating a logistics system more
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operations persist. One author who
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Within the overall context of infor
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Acquiring commercial off-the-shelf
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to utilize the “material and tech
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Sustainment of Units Abroad. During
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PLAN sent a flotilla around the wor
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tion to protect China’s economic
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less, higher priority on the purcha
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level of urgency. There is a high t
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should also help improve China’s
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How the United States responds to i
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y a sense of past wrongs, such as t
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12. Yu Yongzhe (余用哲), Logisti
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25. Ibid., p. 33. 26. Ibid., p. 34.
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47. Selected Military Works of Mao
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68. Unattributed, “A Description
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tics in Limited War” (“局部
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103. Xinhua, available from english
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APPENDIX A - CHAPTER 11 LOGISTICS M
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• General Wang Ke publishes artic
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said military logistics needs to de
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2007 • April—PLA officially imp
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• June—East Sea Fleet (ESF) tes
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15. Shen Xiao, “Combined Logistic
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APPENDIX B - CHAPTER 11 SELECTED CH
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Xu Ruyi (许如意) A Study of Comp
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Gou Chengfu (苟成富) Zhang Lanfa
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Cao Mingdu (曹明都) Ding Guoqin
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Jiang Luming (姜鲁鸣) Zhan Guoqi
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Wan Xiaoyuan (万小元) Yu Gaoda (
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DENNIS J. BLASKO is a retired U.S.
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Under Stress (Carlisle, PA: Strateg
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Security (2007) with Justin Liang;
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(Cambridge University Press, 2003)
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U.S. ARMY WAR COLLEGE Major General
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