The PLA at Home and Abroad - Strategic Studies Institute - U.S. Army

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42. China’s National Defense in 1998. 43. China’s National Defense in 2000, Beijing, China: Information Office of the State Council of the People’s Republic of China, October 16, 2000. 44. China’s National Defense in 2008. 45. Zhang Jinyu and Liu Xingan, “PLA Air Force Officers’ Foreign Study Tours Represent ‘New Openness,’” Jiefangjun Bao, January 8, 2007. The length of study abroad was not identified. 46. China’s National Defense in 2004; 2006; and 2008. 47. “PLA Air Force Command College,” PLAAF Net, June 6, 2009, available from www.plaaf.net/html/14/n-24214.html. 48. The period was unspecified but probably covers about a decade. Students visited the United States in 1998, Australia and New Zealand in 1999, and India in 2003. 49. Shirley A. Kan, U.S.-China Military Contacts: Issues for Congress, Congressional Research Service, Report to Congress RL32496, August 6, 2009, p. 43. 50. Ibid., p. 49. 51. “Our Military’s Young Officer Delegation Visits Japan,” Jiefangjun Bao, September 12, 2008, available from www.tysb.gov. cn/news/news_show.asp?newsid=505. The article did not state what organizations the PLA officers came from. 52. Jim Garamone, “Enlisted Delegation Visits Chinese Counterparts,” American Forces Press Service, July 11, 2008, available from www.defenselink.mil/news/newsarticle.aspx?id=50476. 53. Stephanie L. Carl, “USPACOM Hosts First-Ever PRC Enlisted Delegation,” U.S. Pacific Command, October 8, 2008, available from www.pacom.mil/web/Site_Pages/Media/archives/PR009- 08%20PRC%20Enlisted%20 Delegation.shtml. 54. Chinese Military Encyclopedia, pp. 280-282. 466
55. “Major overseas visits of PLA naval ships,” available from english.chinamil.com.cn/site2/special-reports/2008-03/12/content_ 1737716.htm; China’s National Defense in 2008. For detailed information on the individual port calls through 2006, see Chapter 15, “Foreign Relations, in the USN Office of Naval Intelligence’s China’s Navy 2007,” available from merln.ndu.edu/archive/china/ dod/chinanavy2007.pdf. 56. This voyage lasted 4 months and covered 30,000 nautical miles. 57. China’s Navy 2007, Chapter 15. 58. Chen Gang, “Xinhua ‘Yearender’ on Successes in Military Diplomacy,” Xinhua, December 29, 2003; China’s National Defense in 2004, p. 44; China’s National Defense in 2006, p. 56. 59. Finkelstein and McDevitt, p. 6. 60. China’s National Defense in 2002. 61. Luo Yuan, “The ‘Sunshine-ization’ of the Chinese Military,” Outlook Weekly, Vol. 37, September 10, 2007, pp. 42-43. 62. China’s National Defense in 2008; Li Xuanliang and Bai Ruixue, “PRC Expert Says Joint Military Exercises Have Become Important Channels for China-Foreign Military Exchanges,” Xinhua in Chinese, July 19, 2009. 63. U.S. Department of Defense, Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms, JP 1-02 (as amended), Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, May 30, 2008, p. 31; The Merriam Webster Dictionary, 1998, p. 14. 64. China’s National Defense in 1998. 65. Andrew Scheineson, “The Shanghai Cooperation Organization,” Washington, DC: Council on Foreign Relations, March 24, 2009, available from www.cfr.org/publications/10883/. Other countries have observer status, including Mongolia, Iran, Pakistan, and India. 467
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THE PLA AT HOME AND ABROAD: ASSESSI
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CONTENTS Foreword .................
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FOREWORD It is a distinct honor to
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have been extremely satisfied with
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Also in 2009, the PLA Navy (PLAN) a
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their measures to improve the situa
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in the Asia-Pacific region, further
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tional Convention platform (Hu’s
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Second, the prosperous-nation-stron
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egy. National defense modernization
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advances, current Chinese leaders a
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Chinese leaders are well aware of t
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transformation in military affairs.
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Indeed, the United States now deplo
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through their learning from the U.S
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to gain an objective control measur
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ings on future wars depict a more p
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ever, is giving way to a more law-g
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of this PLAN fleet clearly has impl
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contribute to China’s foreign and
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military integration (CMI, [军民
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forces in both the defense and the
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For a long time, American leaders h
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14. Chinese leaders chose to use th
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26. Su Xisheng (苏希胜) et al.,
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CHAPTER 2 THE PEOPLE’S LIBERATION
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fold extensive, changing local secu
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the Association of Southeast Asian
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2 years earlier. After tracking in
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Even though the security situation
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THE PLA AND CHINA’S FOREIGN POLIC
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Vice-Chairman and Politburo member
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PLA NEAR-TERM CONCERNS With cross-S
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the entire period with: “The whol
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of the United States deployed in th
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Daily article criticized the docume
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India does not match China in econo
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tential threat to China’s most im
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pulse of the other, even as suspici
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in rebuilding the country has been
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The SCO nonetheless allows both to
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warned against Vietnam’s planned
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and South China Seas, although thes
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August 2009 meeting of the MMCA and
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ness of Japan. Moreover, the PLA kn
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wan issue and agreed to expand mili
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invasion of China is anticipated. S
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operations was clearly designed to
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mitments Beijing has already made a
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11. Major General Shou Xiaosong,
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34. Liu Yang and Guo Feng, “What
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57. James Manicom, “China’s Cla
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CHAPTER 3 DISCOURSE IN 3-D: THE PLA
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“under high technology conditions
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to command the gun (as Mao famously
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of that year and then first cited i
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arms into full play, combine offens
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. . . military deterrence, military
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the post-Mao era. However, against
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ship between construction of core m
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to spearhead efforts in this area.
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oots party entities, government ent
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merous nonwar activities and heavil
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ational capabilities. As James Q. W
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disappear, there may be voices clai
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mands of military modernization and
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ENDNOTES - CHAPTER 3 1. China’s N
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11. China’s National Defense in 2
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32. According to the 2009 Defense W
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53. Conversations with PLA research
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the field about the continued relev
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ment of most serious Party disputes
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China’s case is a lot more compli
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East China Seas to exercise maximum
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obsessed more with the high-tech
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a natural requirement for officers
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and the CMC military affairs). This
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pact on China’s relations with ma
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Party Center (党中央). 35 This s
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HU JINTAO AND CHINA’S CHANGING CI
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predictability in his interaction w
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his control over the gun at the sam
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Challenge Ahead: In Search of the N
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in Party affairs. In contrast, Li i
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Secretary General. This is a positi
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differences that are often times in
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in Hu’s hands. Lengthy debate is
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is how to pursue the next round of
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convinced people. For the sake of m
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Terrorist threats remain real, alth
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y a strategic question of whether M
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no longer routine, especially given
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5. Amos Perlmutter and William LeoG
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18. The U.S. Secretary of State con
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vilian leaders what they should not
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46. Wen’s power lies in the State
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60. You Ji, “Taiwan in the Politi
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78. Liu Yongxin, “连锁反应背
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CHAPTER 5 TOWARDS AN INTEGRATIVE C4
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pivotal year in the PLA’s quest f
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and information support capabilitie
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4. Innovation consists of making le
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increase. In developing information
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1. In 1978, a phase-one network est
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960-1,215 MHz frequency band. 42 As
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Communication problems have also ar
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联合作战). This transition from
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fundamental impediment to fostering
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such training has been done on a te
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The 2005 training goals stressed
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to “promote the healthy and order
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make overall plans for joint traini
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est, suggests that a lack of a basi
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Despite the emphasis on information
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explore opportunities. These effort
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5. Vice Admiral Arthur K. Cebrowski
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28. Ibid., p. 138. 29. Zhou Ming,
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Type of Theater Joint Command Infor
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66. Zhang Liansong and Liu Jing,
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Demonstration and Planning Meeting
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making under difficult circumstance
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The PRC only began to build a forma
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that the primary responsibility for
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As they considered the lessons lear
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in Wenchuan County in the western p
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to a number of weak points from whi
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unifying, and streamlining a pletho
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government statistics that indicate
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ights. The Menglian incident involv
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line. Similar to the Weng’an and
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ing out of internal security tasks.
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usual insignia of either the police
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XINJIANG: THE URUMQI RIOT When it r
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lessons, if any, the PLA/PAP and th
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When they did move in to reassert c
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of the military in an emergency man
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PAP would presumably draw on the ta
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2008 and in Urumqi in 2009 is indic
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ternal MOOTW has, in fact, had any
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tions on policing and internal secu
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16. “Martial Law of the People’
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Military’s Earthquake Response Le
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(PLA Daily), June 9, 2008, p. 1; We
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58. For example, on September 5, 20
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68. Yu Jianrong, Yang Huijing and X
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of the nature and seriousness of th
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91. Murray Scot Tanner, quoted in E
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103. Patel, “Chinese Disaster Rel
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CHAPTER 7 CHINESE SEA POWER IN ACTI
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tary operations capabilities.” 6
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sible solution to an unexpected but
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China’s 3 decades of involvement
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The PLAN chose some of its newest,
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Vessel Hull # Class Type Displaceme
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jing’s official news media consta
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These very cautious rules of engage
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PLAN warship(s) will maintain simil
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guarded the Chinese merchant ship Z
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EQUIPMENT, PERSONNEL, AND LOGISTICS
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Fourth Deployment: On October 30, 2
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ector of the PLAN headquarters gene
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The most dramatic innovations in sa
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tional counterparts. Combined Task
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So why is Beijing making this effor
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litical systems and ideology are at
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Zhang Zhaoyin, deputy group army co
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maintenance activities in African p
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Platform Nuclear Attack Submarines
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To be sure, proponents of SLOC defe
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sions, but it may gradually acquire
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for great power influence and rival
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crisis, as they would be harming re
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In the future, any facilities that
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carriers might rapidly become an im
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mons. In fact, the prospects for Ch
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enefit from diversion of U.S. atten
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13. Andrew S. Erickson, “Pipe Dre
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China is not similarly involved in
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40. Huang Li, p. 178. 41. Ibid., pp
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62. “Piracy Draws China Back to t
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85. “China Ready to Pay Ransom to
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106. See several articles on “Res
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121. Lt. Jennifer Cragg, “Navy Ta
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143. Phoenix TV, July 23, 2009; Jam
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第一次党代表会代表时强
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164. The author must credit Nan Li
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number of factors, including observ
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183. Senior Captain Xu Qi, PLAN,
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tive attack submarines, many more r
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CHAPTER 8 PEOPLE’S LIBERATION ARM
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Though limited in number, these exe
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Russia 6 Multiple SCO Members 4 Kyr
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The post-9/11 threat of al-Qaida an
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which “a group of international t
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off with each other just like old f
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After the air forces had attained d
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port.” 27 The live-fire portion o
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elements from two Mechanized Infant
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Observers frequently hear similar s
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Mai, Thailand. “Strike-2008” wa
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have been the “first” such even
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hensive Training Base, Guilin. Sixt
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The live demonstration phase of the
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ernment has cracked down on several
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sion-2009.” As for PAP training i
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ut only to limited degrees for the
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creasing time and distance traveled
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As such, they present outsiders an
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Page 435 and 436: Exercise-01 APPENDIX - CHAPTER 8 CH
Page 437 and 438: CHAPTER 9 MILITARY EXCHANGES WITH C
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Page 451 and 452: According to the 1998 Defense White
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Page 463 and 464: “Operational Diplomacy”: Peacek
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Page 469 and 470: The increasing scope and sophistica
Page 471 and 472: 16. “Appendix III: Participation
Page 473: 34. China’s National Defense in 2
Page 477 and 478: 75. Ibid.; China’s National Defen
Page 479 and 480: 89. “China’s Growing Role in UN
Page 481 and 482: 107. Siva Govindasamy, “Dubai 09:
Page 483 and 484: • December 2007: Kenya, Kuwait, a
Page 485 and 486: ENDNOTES - APPENDIX B - CHAPTER 9 1
Page 487 and 488: Egypt, Finland (2), Greece, Hungary
Page 489 and 490: CHAPTER 10 EMERGING GRAND STRATEGY
Page 491 and 492: of higher learning and other civili
Page 493 and 494: duration, and would depend heavily
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Page 499 and 500: creation of MIIT. This office’s p
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Page 507 and 508: vestment. 77 Yet by the end of 2005
Page 509 and 510: In reality, however, numerous limit
Page 511 and 512: defense and civilian research and i
Page 513 and 514: agement. This includes many key SOE
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Page 517 and 518: a new Defense Industry Alliance was
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Page 521 and 522: China’s defense establishment org
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United States but failed. It then t
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vation that would result would inev
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will grow increasingly difficult an
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technology, large oil and gas field
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15. Li Zhaoxing (李肇星), at Pre
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the National Defense Industry’s
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People’s Liberation Army”), CMC
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es Entering the Defense Industry Se
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70. These two regulations have been
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82. Responsibilities of CSRC in off
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percent of defense corporation is u
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101. “Zhejiang Province Determine
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tutes, funded by the NRDC; and tech
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130. Denis Fred Simon and Cong Cao,
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146. Universities, for example, Tsi
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Enterprise China North Optical-Elec
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Industry Investment Fund: APPENDIX
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10. Zhao Bo, “武器装备应用
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of China (PRC) in late 1949, milita
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This chapter seeks to provide an ov
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sional journals, such as Logistics
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USS Abraham Lincoln aircraft carrie
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will examine China’s current logi
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tribution, health service support [
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force, such as food, water and ice,
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LOGISTICS TRANSFORMATION GOALS AND
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3. Sustainment of Units Abroad, and
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Phase Three: • Under the joint le
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zone” (战区), while joint logis
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• All supporting facilities in th
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educed. Wary of the cost of militar
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user. As a result, these innovation
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As the link between the war front a
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tion distribution centers for close
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Date Mission Location Observers Tro
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than 50 kinds of 5 major categories
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ties, 118 while enhancing China’s
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acy missions in the Gulf of Aden, a
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• Decentralization versus central
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IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S. POLICY Truth
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U.S. commitments to Taiwan. If Chin
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3. The Army has been the main force
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19. See, for example, Ngok Lee, Chi
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37. Joint core logistics capabiliti
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58. Wang Guanghui and Wang Youlin,
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78. Feng Yongmin, Zhang Lingling, a
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“A Study of the Strategy of Build
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115. Antonio Castillo, “China in
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• Three Generation (三代) refor
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ning, building, and using in a unif
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2005 • Hu Jintao asked military t
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2009 • Jan—Chinese missile-arme
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2. Hu Fuwen, “On Realizing the Pr
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30. Ren Pan and Ju Zhenhau, “’P
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Wang Jinghai (王京海) Zhao Zhanp
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Jin Xiuman (金秀满) Military Veh
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Chen Guoshu (陈国书) Li Guangren
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Li Wanjun (荔万俊) An Introducti
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Guo Qinmao (郭钦茂) Wang Benhong
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ABOUT THE CONTRIBUTORS DANIEL ALDER
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policy, and technology issues, has
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where she analyzed the frequency an
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SUSAN M. PUSKA, a retired U.S. Army
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macy, Foreign Policy and Defense St
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