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endix, victor emanuel
His book Class, Status and Power (1953; 19672), a collection of
readings in stratification edited jointly with Seymour Martin
*Lipset, became a standard work in the field. A later publication
was Social Mobility in Industrial Society, which he also
co-authored with Lipset. His best-known book, for which he
received the MacIver award, is Work and Authority in Industry:
Ideologies of Management in the Course of Industrialization
(1956). It is based on historical data from England, the
United States, Russia, and East Germany. Another work, Nationbuilding
and Citizenship (1964), analyzes the processes
leading to the formation of new nations. Bendix was the author
of numerous scholarly papers, chiefly on topics of a theoretical
nature. Throughout his career, Bendix saw himself living
between cultures, building connections between academic
disciplines in the United States and Germany. In his honor,
the Institute of International Studies established the Reinhard
Bendix Memorial Research Fellowship for graduate students
in the field of political and social theory or historic studies of
society and politics. Other books by Bendix include: Kings
or People: Power and the Mandate to Rule (1978); Force, Fate,
and Freedom (1984); From Berlin to Berkeley, (1986); Embattled
Reason, Vol. 1 (1988); Embattled Reason, Vol. 2 (1989); and
Unsettled Affinities (1993, published posthumously).
[Werner J. Cahnman / Ruth Beloff (2nd ed.)]
BENDIX, VICTOR EMANUEL (1851–1926), pianist, conductor,
and composer. Born in Copenhagen, the brother of the
pianist Otto *Bendix, Victor Bendix studied at the Copenhagen
Conservatory with composer Niels Gade and as a pianist
with, among others, Liszt (from 1881). He was répétiteur at
the Copenhagen Royal Theater and later piano teacher at the
Royal Academy of Music. Bendix was an excellent conductor,
and in this role he made great contributions to the musical
life of Copenhagen. He was the conductor of the choral society,
which he founded in Copenhagen (1872–76), and of the
Copenhagen Philharmonic Concerts (which he established
in 1897). His concert performances of Siegfried and Tristan
und Isolde and his staged performances of Verdi’s Don Carlos
were welcome innovations in the usual repertory of the Copenhagen
Musical Society. From 1892 to 1893 he conducted
the Volkskonzerte in Berlin. Bendix wrote many songs but his
important works were his compositions for the piano; among
them are Piano Trio op. 12, Piano Concerto op. 17, and Piano
Sonata op. 26. He also composed Psalm 33 for chorus and orchestra
and four symphonies.
Bibliography: Grove online.
[Israela Stein (2nd ed.)]
BEN-DOR, IMMANUEL (1901–1969), archaeologist. Ben-
Dor, who was born at Okopy, Poland, was a member of the
archaeological expeditions of the University of Pennsylvania
in Beth-Shean, Egypt, Mesopotamia, and Italy and also took
part in the American School of Oriental Research excavation
at Beth-El and that of the University of Liverpool at Jericho.
He served as assistant keeper (1935) and librarian (1939) of the
Palestine Archaeological Museum and conducted excavations
at Nahariyyah and al-Zīb. From 1948 to 1954 he was assistant
director of the Israel Department of Antiquities and was also
archaeologist to the Link Underwater Expedition at Caesarea.
From 1958 to 1968 he was professor of biblical archaeology and
Semitics at Emory University, Atlanta. He published articles
on aspects of Palestinian archaeology.
[Michael Avi-Yonah]
BEN DOV, YAAKOV (1882–1968), photographer and Israeli
pioneer. Ben Dov was born near Zhitomir, Russia and studied
photography in Russia. Emigrating to Palestine in 1908, he
was one of the first students and graduates of the Bezalel
School of Arts (now the *Bezalel Academy of Arts and Design),
supporting himself during his studies by working as
a photographer and publishing illustrated postcards and albums
of life in the country. At the outbreak of World War I
he was mobilized in the Austrian army and served as a medical
photographer in the Austrian military hospital in Jerusalem.
After acquiring equipment from Austria he made several
documentary films, including one of General Allenby’s
entry into Jerusalem. He thus became one of the pioneers of
film in Israel, but abandoned filmmaking upon the advent of
sound movies.
After the liberation of Jerusalem from Ottoman rule in
1918 he devoted himself to communal matters and helped organize
the artisans’ center and their Savings and Loan Bank,
and was one of the representatives of the artisans on the First
Jewish Municipal Council. In this capacity he was invited to
be present at the official announcement of the Balfour Declaration.
Ben Dov was a founder of the Talpiot Quarter of Jerusalem
and initiated other projects for building new suburbs
in and around Jerusalem. In 1966 he was appointed a Yakir
Yerushalayim (an honored citizen of Jerusalem). His works
have been exhibited at the Israel Museum.
Bibliography: Tidhar, 4:1629–30.
BENE-BERAK (Heb. 1) .(קרְ ַב
יֵנְ ּב) A biblical city 5 mi. (8 km.)
E. of Jaffa. It is included in the territory of the tribe of *Dan
together with Jehud and *Gath-Rimmon (Josh. 19:45), but it
was no doubt in the area controlled by the Philistines until
the period of the united monarchy. Assyrian sources describing
Sennacherib’s invasion in 701 B.C.E. speak of Bene-Berak
as subject to *Ashkelon (together with Jaffa, Beth-Dagon, and
Azur). After the destruction of the Second Temple, Bene-Berak
became a center of Jewish learning when R. *Akiva established
his school there, which was attended by such wellknown
pupils as Judah, Meir, and Simeon b. Yoḥai (Tosef., Ber.
2:14; Tosef., Shab. 3:3; Sanh. 32b; Gen. R. 95:30). The Passover
Haggadah preserves an account of a famous seder held there
by R. Akiva. When Eleazar b. Azariah accompanied Akiva to
the public baths at Bene-Berak, it gave rise to a halakhic query
(Tosef., Shab. 3:4). Echoes of religious persecution by the Ro-
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