JUDAICA - Wisdom In Torah

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(this page) LEFT: A man prays the kaddish (mourning prayer) at the Western Wall wearing a tallit (prayer shawl), and tefillin (phylacteries). Jewish people from around the world make pilgrimages to the Wall, especially during the festivals of Passover, Shavuot, and Sukkot. Photo: Z. Radovan, Jerusalem. (opposite page): The Jewish Wedding, 1861, by Moritz Daniel Oppenheim, (1800–1882), German painter. Oil on canvas, 37 x 27.5 cm. Collection, The Israel Museum, Jerusalem. Photo © The Israel Museum, Jerusalem, by David Harris. A bat mitzvah girl wearing a yarmulke and tallit (prayer shawl) reads the <strong>Torah</strong>. © Israel images/Alamy.
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ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA
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©2007 Keter Publishing House Ltd.
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BAALAH (Heb. הָלְ עַ ּב), n
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jailed. Ultimately, the Soviet Unio
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feated the Philistines in their att
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the direction rather than the name
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Canaanite Religion (1969). Add. Bib
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index; Friedmann, in: YIVO Bleter,
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tive as a mathematician both in res
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in the U.S.S.R. In 1937 he was give
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of one amora, their punishment vari
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Jewish nature of the site and an ap
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period (c. 1850 B.C.E.) the *Amorit
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Information on Babylonian Jewry und
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came from the transient Palmyrene E
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there from 1905 until his death. A
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en Bezalel (the Maharal) of Prague.
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dates of his birth and death are un
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Amoräer (1878, also in Hg., 19132)
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of Nemirov, a disciple of *Levi Isa
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the calendar with Bacon (S. Berger,
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°BADÈ, WILLIAM FREDERIC (1871-193
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Leket Peraḥim and Zer Peraḥim (
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15th century, a Jewish badge, in ad
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maternal grandson of Isaac *Covo. I
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of Breslau under J. Freudental and
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winning by a TKO in the 11th. Baer
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Posen, resigned when Posen was rein
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Community Leaders In the 18th and 1
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again became president of the commu
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of the *Inquisition was established
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the works, amongst a host of early
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BAḤYA (Pseudo), name given to the
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God is good, and that he has a know
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Among his many publications, Bailyn
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BAK, printers and pioneers in Erez
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ginning with “And Hannah prayed
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ish question. For him the solution
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there are indications that Balaam w
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hearing this, Balaam became greatly
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Among artists, portrayal of the sub
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sions of Lenin (1934); My Life as a
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Turks in 1453. In this lament on th
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with the Arab population and lay th
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is indeed doubtful whether the Brit
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all three participated in a Jeffers
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ciation. In 1901 he established the
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in 1560. The Christian printer Dani
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ography: A. Mirodan, Dictionar neco
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networks had arisen: the German-spo
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Over the years the university expan
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BAMBERGER, HEINRICH VON (1822-1888)
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BAMBERGER, SIMON (1846-1926), U.S.
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The region is still considered to b
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mentary on the Tosefta before his d
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1549). Prostitution and adultery we
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was given by several persons. In we
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ITALY. In the 15th and beginning of
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ank in 1803, which under Ludwig (wh
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D. Wolfowitz, a veteran foreign pol
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early detachment from Judaism, she
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Bāqā al-Gharbiyya received munici
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ever - whether quoted in the Talmud
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ferences are by and large localized
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passages are difficult to understan
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of the litigation. In writing the C
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BARAM, UZI (1937- ), Israeli politi
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man and Hebrew in Jewish journals a
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choice of material and is still a f
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His daughter was Asenath *Barazani.
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Bibliography: Baer, Studien, 146; B
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public figure in Barcelona, a posit
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and a Maccabi movement. An old-age
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BARD, BASIL JOSEPH ASHER (1914-2002
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ming at the Brandeis Camp Institute
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Simeon to come to their aid. Simeon
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BAR-ILAN, DAVID (1930-2003), Israel
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On several rabbinical committees su
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the recently discovered contemporar
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Extent of revolt Roman Legion Fortr
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on the border of the Judean Desert.
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in 1964-66 as head of the Operation
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The Bar Mitzvah Derashah Solomon Lu
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Current Reform Responsa (1969), ind
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BARNET, WILL (1911- ), U.S. painter
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BARON, BERNHARD (1850-1929), indust
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Baron undertook the largest synthet
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Rachel preferred death to childless
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that Rembrandt’s painting, “The
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Johnson from 1975 and 1993 and was
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Jonah of Safed), and in 1651 became
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already quotes the *Zohar and the t
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and the Babylonians), while the six
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Psalms 147:12, “Praise, O Jerusal
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BARUCH BEN ISAAC OF WORMS (late 12t
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ooks with the aim of refuting the a
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defense committee. As a member of t
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of Man and its president in 1926. B
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Jos., Ant., 12:330ff.). Alexander *
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empereur de Byzance, et la civilisa
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eligious studies and director of th
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Not only Herzl in his Judenstaat (1
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Moses Cordovero, Or Ne’erav (a co
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Abraham Hezekiah was proofreader fo
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fuerst”) by his fellow Jews - a f
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Talmudic Period The Talmud declared
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BAT KOL (Heb. לֹ וק תַ ּב;
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Bat-Dor In 1967, Rothschild establi
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Bibliography: Wehr-Halle, in: ZDMG,
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ity - attempting to murder all Jews
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Inter-Parliamentary Group from 1985
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America: A Biographical Dictionary
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of the academies to study one tract
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guard produce (but do not work with
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ecame prominent in Ansbach and Fuer
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the Talmud” illustrated 18 talmud
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the principality. However, six Jewi
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practiced accounting during 1928-46
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Transport and Trading Company in 18
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drinking, no bathing, no anointing,
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71-88; D. Frank, “The End of the
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stones from the last quarter of the
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the administration of justice, the
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were deported to Minsk in 1942. Bed
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evacuation from London in 1939-45.
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ange. While still a youth he became
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Bibliography: R. Heinefling, in: Un
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tragedy of the narration with the o
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tinued to be the southern frontier
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gars but are contained in the compl
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BÉGIN, EMILE-AUGUSTE (1802-1888),
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was promoting the foundation of the
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autobiography under the title The C
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affairs. After failing to receive a
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in 1937 as a student and commenced
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Lebanese Jews immigrated to France,
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where he served as head of the comm
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Mezöberény, was directed to Ausch
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Joseph of Orleans, i.e., Bekhor Sho
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all of them. There were 5,600 Jews
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Ostend WEST VLAANDEREN Bruges Heren
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ups to be accompanied by covering l
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study of modern Hebrew, and hosting
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2001, a National Commission for Res
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the Germans, contrived to organize
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continually” (Gen. 6:5). To aid h
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this solution time is transcended.
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The son of Saddik, MOSES COHEN BELI
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In 1921 Belkin became director of t
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BELL, SIR FRANCIS HENRY DILLON (185
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turned to Chicago. In 1940 he and h
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history at Manchester University an
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into the agricultural and industria
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in later painting, notably the dram
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followers of Belz Ḥasidism throug
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Receiving of the train began. Dozen
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pation Bemporad was compelled to ab
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cized the political positions of Pr
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Russian revolution of 1905, Ben-Amm
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leader of the Greek Socialist Party
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(1860), 32; Schorr, in: He-Ḥalutz
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fore R. Joshua (Par. 1:1). He is fo
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asis of his views in theology, hist
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camping, initiated home-study proje
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mans (under Hadrian) are contained
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cally authentic, although they are
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ment, and those recited before mitz
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Am, as expressed in his historic ar
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translator of Hebrew liturgical wor
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ning of the crisis. On Sept. 8, 195
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German occupation were sometimes no
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found at Benghazi, the Jews of Bere
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socialist society in Palestine, bas
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increased, and Ben-Gurion decided o
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dents are required to develop activ
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Chorale) and special liking for Deb
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linked literary theory to the histo
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However, some scholars believe that
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imports and exports in 1953. From 1
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BENJAMIN, WALTER (1892-1940), Germa
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Ẓevi] according to Nathan”), wa
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Paris Cologne Bonn Coblenz Mainz Pr
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BEN KALBA SAVU’A (1st century C.E
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showed in New York at the Artist’
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BENNETT, MICHAEL (1943-1987), U.S.
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was arrested, Benoît replaced him
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and in German, Philosophische Stroe
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ings by his father David; Tuv-Miẓ
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ooks of the Hagiographa (BK 92b; cf
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verbatum. The first baraita, which
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was chairman of a League of Nations
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itual law (Issur ve-Hetter). Benven
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ther’s side, with its roots in no
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In Paris, Ben-Yehuda met George (Ge
Page 389 and 390:
She worked as an editor of the Ency
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abbi of the Asociación Comunidad I
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land, ein Wintermaerchen (1938), pu
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Its Yishuv during the Ottoman Empir
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items, calculated to please the aut
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However, the conflicting interests
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and the crafts and did not work in
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Under the Soviet government, most o
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he defended the claims of individua
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tion of fables translated mostly fr
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stein, whose influence was apparent
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army marched on Jerusalem, she went
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ing agricultural produce for the lo
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and interferes in Russian politics
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tal, and photographed the Tokyo sky
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secular subjects. In 1901 and again
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Brigadier H.L. Glyn Hughes, deputy
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chairman of the County Republican P
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336 pounds (152.5 kg.), which at a
Page 427 and 428:
ter,” or oleomargarine, in a fact
Page 429 and 430:
Bibliography: B. Shohetman and Sh.
Page 431 and 432:
BERGNER YOSSL (Yosef; 1920- ), Isra
Page 433 and 434:
men. Strong fetters of habit tie ma
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til about May 1946), directed by Is
Page 437 and 438:
was chairman of the society until 1
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veloped these points further in his
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ary page of the Yiddish journal, Di
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Perils of Pauline and Tillie’s Pu
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to the margrave who from 1317 pledg
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pointed of 15, 18, or 32 members. I
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were immediate and made Jews feel d
Page 451 and 452:
Scrolls were hidden there during th
Page 453 and 454:
Bibliography: J. Meisl (ed.), Pinka
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BERLIN, ḤAYYIM (1832-1912), Lithu
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talmudic halakhot not mentioned by
Page 459 and 460:
mahot be-Yisrael, 2 (1948), 33; ide
Page 461 and 462:
the pasteurization of milk and an i
Page 463 and 464:
house but in 1968, during the antis
Page 465 and 466:
BERMAN, SIMEON (1818-1884), precurs
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the Allies’ rejection of these pr
Page 469 and 470:
Hollywood in the early 1950s for al
Page 471 and 472:
landmark texts, notably Crystallizi
Page 473 and 474:
stein took over the prestigious Vos
Page 475 and 476:
BERNHEIM, LOUIS (1861-1931), Belgia
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juedischer Autoren 2 (1993), 289-30
Page 479 and 480:
the National Research Council of Ca
Page 481 and 482:
He also succeeded Igor Stravinsky a
Page 483 and 484:
ecame both a city councillor and an
Page 485 and 486:
Deadlines (1961), Watch That Word (
Page 487 and 488:
Flood, the Flood itself, and the dy
Page 489 and 490:
solidarity.” He was, however, not
Page 491 and 492:
Bibliography: Grove online; MGG2; B
Page 493 and 494:
figure of Beruryah - talmudic schol
Page 495 and 496:
motion in the plane, was solved by
Page 497 and 498:
could read Russian. After the pogro
Page 499 and 500:
figure in the Jewish community and
Page 501 and 502:
and 15th centuries the Beta Israel
Page 503 and 504:
1860-1905: The Missionary Challenge
Page 505 and 506:
Ethiopians in Mereba, a crime commi
Page 507 and 508:
as “an act of renewing their cove
Page 509 and 510:
problematic, economically, socially
Page 511 and 512:
derground organization Irgun Ẓeva
Page 513 and 514:
an ecclesiastical court dealing wit
Page 515 and 516:
sengers were sent out all over the
Page 517 and 518:
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND. Already duri
Page 519 and 520:
conjugal relations with another man
Page 521 and 522:
der was issued to enforce the compl
Page 523 and 524:
An additional example of the Israel
Page 525 and 526:
ounded by an 11 ft. (3⅓ m.) thick
Page 527 and 528:
(2) Kibbutz in the southern Judean
Page 529 and 530:
as soon as Livia became a member of
Page 531 and 532:
ple, with regard to spiced oil, Bet
Page 533 and 534:
those reasons for the ascendance of
Page 535 and 536:
The Bethlehem town group has close
Page 537 and 538:
THE AGGADAH: Ginzberg, Legends, 1 (
Page 539 and 540:
Early Bronze IV, Middle Bronze II,
Page 541 and 542:
all obligations undertaken in the t
Page 543 and 544:
showdown between them at Megiddo in
Page 545 and 546:
The Byzantine Period In Byzantine t
Page 547 and 548:
Shean during the Eighteenth Dynasty
Page 549 and 550:
kings of Judah and Israel, in about
Page 551 and 552:
state, akin to the first Austrian r
Page 553 and 554:
ing with expansion to 420 in the mi
Page 555 and 556:
in Transjordan and Ben-Zion rejecte
Page 557 and 558:
BEZALEL (Heb. לֵ אְלַצְ ּ
Page 559 and 560:
Judaism. The seal of the community
Page 561 and 562:
pupils were such outstanding rabbis
Page 563 and 564:
prophetic visions. While biblical t
Page 565 and 566:
learned and “literary,” he anti
Page 567 and 568:
Bibliography: LNYL, 1 (1956), 277-8
Page 569 and 570:
dustrialist, Oskar Stefen; Jews wer
Page 571 and 572:
schmidt (Jerusalem, 1978). Four man
Page 573 and 574:
Judeo-Romance Languages Ladino (Jud
Page 575 and 576:
formulation. However, tannaitic lit
Page 577 and 578:
though Daniel, Psalms, and Proverbs
Page 579 and 580:
Wisdom of Ben Sira is highly signif
Page 581 and 582:
The Order of the Hagiographa 1. 2.
Page 583 and 584:
pronunciation more or less as it ha
Page 585 and 586:
too, warned against teaching from
Page 587 and 588:
of a million of them. The Portugues
Page 589 and 590:
Akkadian noun itself has been conne
Page 591 and 592:
vah, 29) names Targum Onkelos as th
Page 593 and 594:
TARGUM YERUSHALMI TO THE PROPHETS.
Page 595 and 596:
de Qumran (1971); B. Grossfeld, A B
Page 597 and 598:
not know why translators treated th
Page 599 and 600:
(1975); W. McKane. Selected Christi
Page 601 and 602:
vised the Philoxenian Version compl
Page 603 and 604:
is reflected in sentence structure
Page 605 and 606:
his work include his commentary to
Page 607 and 608:
of communication. Most modern trans
Page 609 and 610:
a surrogate, e.g., “heaven.” Af
Page 611 and 612:
tury. They include one of Judges (M
Page 613 and 614:
and James I, reflected the “Angli
Page 615 and 616:
Knox’s translation can be said to
Page 617 and 618:
not subject to the demands of a den
Page 619 and 620:
“son.” Other inclusive sensitiv
Page 621 and 622:
The following sample of interesting
Page 623 and 624:
of individual scholar-translators w
Page 625 and 626:
NJV Remember the Sabbath day and ke
Page 627 and 628:
desirable, not to mention inevitabl
Page 629 and 630:
and especially La Sainte Bible de J
Page 631 and 632:
and Fleischuetz (1778) also referri
Page 633 and 634:
thorough revision of the Icelandic
Page 635 and 636:
the Bulgarians. However, only fragm
Page 637 and 638:
estant Bible appeared in 1817. An I
Page 639 and 640:
Hebrew Text of the Old Testament: T
Page 641 and 642:
gadic approach, or use of parable a
Page 643 and 644:
ing even in halakhah instances of d
Page 645 and 646:
inner meanings should be allowed to
Page 647 and 648:
the Bible. His emendations serve as
Page 649 and 650:
was gradually developing was that t
Page 651 and 652:
of Israel may be seen in the two ma
Page 653 and 654:
quarters “P” is subject to even
Page 655 and 656:
commentaries on Daniel, worthy of s
Page 657 and 658:
I Kgs 22. The inscriptions refer to
Page 659 and 660:
tion. It was Weber who delineated d
Page 661 and 662:
possession of the entire Jewish peo
Page 663 and 664:
tion is mystic (sod; see *Kabbalah)
Page 665 and 666:
Much has been written about Paul’
Page 667 and 668:
lenge to this contention, in what i
Page 669 and 670:
however, was also familiar with the
Page 671 and 672:
1782; Abele, 1797). Two Jewish writ
Page 673 and 674:
to appear, move and sing, the appea
Page 675 and 676:
two main types were the “aristocr
Page 677 and 678:
cial altar with a leaning ramp, the
Page 679 and 680:
choir illustrates Psalm 149, “Hal
Page 681 and 682:
the Bible, the National Bible Socie
Page 683 and 684:
sua Typographia, adjuntos os preço
Page 685 and 686:
Bibliography: Zunz, Gesch, 230-48;
Page 687 and 688:
versities and then gradually shifte
Page 689 and 690:
and 30 other Jews, they formed a pa
Page 691 and 692:
Spreading of Enlightenment.” As a
Page 693 and 694:
RELEASE FROM THE PROHIBITION. The o
Page 695 and 696:
ingly rejected Zionism as an overt
Page 697 and 698:
tinuation of these annuals, M.E. *S
Page 699 and 700:
ics, but his tendency to see everyt
Page 701 and 702:
they discovered that Oliphant could
Page 703 and 704:
East”). Towards the end of its ex
Page 705 and 706:
the Council of Bingen (1455-56) in
Page 707 and 708:
Joseph *Caro’s diary on his heave
Page 709 and 710:
E.E. Lifschutz, Bibliography of Ame
Page 711 and 712:
After the 1837 earthquake that dest
Page 713 and 714:
all ingredients necessary to make s
Page 715 and 716:
ceived the idea that the Jews were
Page 717 and 718:
(1921), Das Kaiser und der Architek
Page 719 and 720:
the Economically Ruined Jewish Mass
Page 721 and 722:
the pangs of childbirth were foreto
Page 723 and 724:
lical To Modern Times (2004); R.L.
Page 725 and 726:
BISCHOFFSHEIM FAMILY RAPHAEL NATHAN
Page 727 and 728:
BISTRITA (Rom. Bistriţa; Hg. Beszt
Page 729 and 730:
BITHIAH, name given by the rabbis t
Page 731 and 732:
losophy Department at the Universit
Page 733 and 734:
tribute among the wells, the cister
Page 735 and 736:
formal organizations rarely contact
Page 737 and 738: Professor Michael Levin insisted th
Page 739 and 740: BLANK, ARTHUR M. (1942- ), U.S. ent
Page 741 and 742: period that he worked with the Krok
Page 743 and 744: Regarded as the reigning theorist o
Page 745 and 746: demic Work (1973), On the Nature of
Page 747 and 748: well as the economic crisis in Pale
Page 749 and 750: It was the first time in the histor
Page 751 and 752: eficiary of good fortune or the vic
Page 753 and 754: 1965. He received France’s highes
Page 755 and 756: able times and by the machinations
Page 757 and 758: Jewish people to achieve self- dete
Page 759 and 760: saw, and he was a regular contribut
Page 761 and 762: Bloch (1977); idem, Utopie, Messian
Page 763 and 764: of sex and a leader in the movement
Page 765 and 766: BLOCH, KONRAD (1912-2000), U.S. bio
Page 767 and 768: versities of Prague and Leipzig, an
Page 769 and 770: wife, Annette, wrote three books ab
Page 771 and 772: Bibliography: Dubnow, Hist Russ, 3
Page 773 and 774: stricted and regulated: the natural
Page 775 and 776: statues, led to charges of ritual k
Page 777 and 778: ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Editi
Page 779 and 780: curred in places within the *Pale o
Page 781 and 782: in the Stream (1977), Sammy and Ros
Page 783 and 784: BLOOMFIELD, LEONARD (1887-1949), Am
Page 785 and 786: A bar mitzvah boy surrounded by fam
Page 787: ABOVE: Ethiopian boys and girls lea
Page 791 and 792: A rabbi holds up a couple’s ketub
Page 793 and 794: ABBREVIATIONS GENERAL ABBREVIATIONS
Page 795 and 796: Derashot Ran, Sermons by *Nissim b.
Page 797 and 798: *Maimonides = Moses b. Maimon, or R
Page 799 and 800: Sh. Ar. = Shulḥan Arukh, code by
Page 801 and 802: Ahikar Ahikar (Pseudepigrapha). AI
Page 803 and 804: Cantera-Millás, F. Cantera and J.M
Page 805 and 806: GHAT Goettinger Handkommentar zum A
Page 807 and 808: Kid. Kiddushim (talmudic tractate).
Page 809 and 810: PD Piskei Din shel Bet ha-Mishpat h
Page 811 and 812: Schuerer, Hist E. Schuerer, History
Page 813 and 814: TRANSLITERATION RULES 1. The letter
Page 815 and 816: greek Ancient Greek Modern Greek Gr
Page 817 and 818: *Gaon (pl. geonim), head of academy
Page 819 and 820: *Minyan, group of ten male adult Je
Page 821: ish Congress there in 1868 and the
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JUDAICA - Wisdom In Torah

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