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vised the Philoxenian Version completely or confined himself
to adding the marginal notes.
THE SYRO-HEXAPLA. Commissioned by the patriarch Athanasius
I, Paul, the bishop of Tella (near Alexandria), prepared
a translation based on the fifth column of Origen’s Hexapla.
The translations of Aquila, Theodotion, and Symmachus
were taken into account in marginal notes. This translation
was completed in about 617. A manuscript of this work from
the eighth or ninth century is extant in Milan. Paul of Tella’s
Syro-Hexapla, as it is called, is of great importance since
Origen’s Hexapla, upon which it was based, was almost completely
destroyed.
Bibliography: TEXTS OF THE PESHITTA: A.M. Ceriani
Biblia Sacra juxta versionem simplicem, quae dicitur Pschitta (19513);
The Peshitta Institute of the University of Leiden, Vetus Testamentum
Syrice et Neosyrice (1954); idem, Peshitta… Specimen edition (1969); for
biblical Peshitta manuscripts see VT vol 12 and following; T. Noeldeke,
in: Archiv fuer wissenschaftliche Erforschung des Alten Testaments, 2
(1871), 246–9; STUDIES: R. Duval, Anciennes Littératures Chrétiennes,
vol. 22: La Littérature Syriaque (1899); F.C. Burkitt, Early Eastern
Christianity (1904), 39–78; H. Mager, Die Peschittho zum Buche Joshua
(1916); A. Baumstark, Geschichte der syrischen Literatur (1922), idem,
in: BZ, 19 (1931), 257–70; P. Kahle, Masoreten des Westens, 2 (1930);
idem, The Cairo Geniza (19592), 265–313; C. Moss, in: Le Muséon, 46
(1933), 55–110; C. Peters, ibid., 48 (1935), 1–54; 52 (1939), 275–96; idem,
in: Biblica, 22 (1941), 25–34; P. Churgin, in: Horeb, 2 (1935), 259–79;
I. Nobel, in: ibid., 10 (1948), 77–104; M. Black, in: BJRL, 33 (1950/51),
203–10; A. Vogel, in: Biblica, 32 (1951), 32–56, 198–231, 336–63, 481–502;
M. Goshen-Gottstein, in: BJRL, 37 (1954/55), 429–45; idem, Text and
Language in Bible and Qumran (1960); A. Vööbus, Peschitta und Targumim
des Pentateuchs (1958); idem, in: Le Muséon, 68 (1955), 215–8;
E.R. Rowlands, in: VT, 9 (1959), 178–91; J.A. Emerton, The Peshitta of
the Wisdom of Solomon (1959); W. Baars, in: VT, 10 (1960), 224–7; 13
(1963), 260–8; 18 (1968), 548–54; P. Wernberg-Møller, in: Studia Theologica,
15 (1961), 128–80; idem, in: JSS, 7 (1962), 253–66; J.A. Emerton,
ibid., 204–11. Add. Bibliography: J. Bloch, in: AJSL, 35 (1919),
215–22; P. Dirksen, in: M. Mulder (ed.), Mikra (1984), 255–97; idem,
An Annotated Bibliography of the Peshitta of the Old Testament (1989);
idem and A. van der Kooij, The Peshiţta as a Translation (1995); S.P.
Brock, ABD VI, 794–99; idem, Syriac Studies: A Classified Bibliography
(1960–1990) (1996); idem, “Syriac,” in: S.D. Sperling (ed.), A New
Handbook of Aramaic and its Dialects (2006); Y. Maori, The Peshitta
Version of the Pentateuch and Early Jewish Exegesis (Heb., 1995); M.
Weitzman, in: M. Sæbø (ed.), Hebrew Bible / Old Testament (1996),
587–611; idem, The Syriac Version of the Old Testament (1999); P. Borbone
et al. (eds.), The Old Testament in Syriac. Concordance: The Pentateuch
(to be extended to cover entire OT; 1997); D. Walter, in:DBI
II, 264–67; R. Taylor, in: JAB 2 (update of Peshitta research; 2000),
119–139. THE CHRISTIAN PALESTINIAN VERSION: J.P.N. Land, in:
Anecdota Syriaca, 4 (1862–75), 103–224; A.S. Lewis, A Palestinian
Syriac Lectionary … (1897); J.T. Milik, in: RB, 60 (1953), 526–39; L.
Delekat, in: ZAW, 71 (1959), 165–201. Add. Bibliography: F. Schlthess,
Grammatik des christlich-palästinischen Aramäisch (1924); M.
Goshen-Gottstein, The Bible in the Syropalestinian Version (1973); C.
Müller-Kessler, Grammatik des Christlich-Palästinisch- Aramäischen
(1991), incl. extensive bibl.; idem and M. Sokoloff, A Corpus of Christian
Palestinian Aramaic I: The Christian Palestinian Aramaic Old Testament…
(1997), incl. glossary. THE PHILOXENIAN VERSION: A.M.
bible
Ceriani (ed.), Monumenta Sacra et Profana vols. 1, 2, 3, 5, 7 (1866–74);
L. Delekat, in: ZAW, 69 (1957), 21–54. THE SYRO-HEXAPLA: Ceriani,
op. cit. vols. 2, 5, 7; A.P. de Lagarde, Veteris Testamenti ab Origene recensiti
fragmenta (1880); J.M. Vosté, in: Biblica, 26 (1945), 12–36. Add.
Bibliography: S. Brock, ABD, VI, 795.
[Bernard Grossfeld / S. David Sperling (2nd ed.)]
Ethiopic
Christianity arrived in Ethiopia in the fourth century, and the
need for a translation of the Bible and the New Testament was
felt not long afterward. The original translation into classical
Ethiopic (Ge‘ez), beginning with the New Testament gospels
and the psalms, was probably made during the fifth and sixth
centuries, and completed by the mid-seventh century. The
translation of the Bible was based on the Greek (Septuagint),
the underlying Greek text types varying from book to book.
It has commonly been believed that there were also Syriacspeaking
missionaries involved in the translation, but this is
not proven, and seems unlikely; most of the Aramaic loanwords
in early Ethiopic likely derived not from Syriac but
rather from a “pre-Christian Jewish element in early Christianity”
(Polotsky; Knibb). While there are a few 13th- or possibly
12th-century manuscripts of New Testament gospels,
there are no known manuscripts of the Ethiopic Old Testament
that survive from before the 14th century, at which time,
especially during the literary renaissance under King Amda
Sion (1314–44), the text was much revised under the influence
of a Syriac-based Arabic version of the Bible; this revised text
is known as the “vulgar recension.” It was probably later still,
during the 15th or 16th century (when there was an Ethiopian
community in Jerusalem) that further revisions were made to
bring the text closer into alignment with the Hebrew masoretic
text; manuscripts of this “academic recension” exhibit a
number of Hebrew words simply transliterated into Ethiopic
(Knibb). In addition to canonical and apocryphal books, the
Ethiopic Bible often contains pseudepigraphic works as well,
such as Enoch and Jubilees, which are held in the same regard.
Translations of the Bible into modern languages of Eritrea
and Ethiopia, such as Tigrinya, Tigre, and Amharic, have
been produced over the past century, generally by European
missionaries.
Bibliography: Ludolf, Psalterium Davidis aethiopice et
latine… (1701); A. Dillmann, Biblia Veteris Testamenti Aethiopica
(1853–94); J. Bachmann, Dodekapropheton Aethiopum oder die zwölf
kleinen Prophenen der aethiopischen Bibelübersetzung. I. Der Prophet
Obadia (1892); J. Bachmann, Der Prophet Jesaia nach der aethiopischen
Bibelübersetzung (1893); J. Bachmann, Die Klagelieder Jeremiae in
der äthiopischen Bibelübersetzung (1893); R.M.J. Basset, Les apocryphes
éthiopiens (1893–1900); F.M. Esteves Pereira, Le livre de Job:
version éthiopienne (1907); J.O. Boyd, The Octateuch in Ethiopic. Part
I: Genesis; Part II: Exodus and Leviticus (all published; 1909–11).; J.
Schäfers, Die äthiopische Übersetzung des Propheten Jeremias (1912);
F.M. Esteves Pereira, Le livre d’Esther: version éthiopienne (1913); F.M.
Esteves Pereira, O livro do profeta Amós e a sua versão etiópica (1917);
F.M. Esteves Pereira, Le troisième livre de ‘Ezrâ (Esdras et Néhémie
canoniques): version éthiopienne (1919); F. Da Bassano (ed.), Beluy
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