JUDAICA - Wisdom In Torah

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transliteration rules YIDDISH א not transliterated ַא a ָא o בּ b בֿ v ג g ד d ה h וּ ,ו u וו v יו oy ז z שׁז zh ח kh ט t שׁט tsh, ch י (consonant) y (vowel) i ִי i יי ey יי ay כּ k ך ,כ kh ל l ם ,מ m ן ,נ n ס s ע e פּ p ף ,פֿ f ץ ,צ ts ק k ר r שׁ sh שׂ s תּ t ת s 1. Yiddish transliteration rendered according to U. Weinreich’s Modern English-Yiddish Yiddish-English Dictionary. 2. Hebrew words in Yiddish are usually transliterated according to standard Yiddish pronunciation, e.g., תונזח = khazones. LADINO Ladino and Judeo-Spanish words written in Hebrew characters are transliterated phonetically, following the General Rules of Hebrew transliteration (see above) whenever the accepted spelling in Latin characters could not be ascertained. arabic ء ا a1 ض ḍ ب b ط ṭ ت t ظ ẓ ث th ع c ج j غ gh ح ḥ ف f خ kh ق q د d ك k ذ dh ل l ر r م m ز z ن n س s ﻩ h ش sh و w ص ṣ ي y - a ى ا - ā - i ي - ī - u و - ū و - aw - - iyy2 ي - ay و - uww2 1. not indicated when initial 2. see note (f) a) The EJ follows the Columbia Lippincott Gazetteer and the Times Atlas in transliteration of Arabic place names. Sites that appear in neither are transliterated according to the table above, and subject to the following notes. b) The EJ follows the Columbia Encyclopedia in transliteration of Arabic names. Personal names that do not therein appear are transliterated according to the table above and subject to the following notes (e.g., Ali rather than ʿAlī, Suleiman rather than Sulayman). c) The EJ follows the Webster’s Third International Dictionary, Unabridged in transliteration of Arabic terms that have been integrated into the English language. d) The term “Abu” will thus appear, usually in disregard of inflection. e) Nunnation (end vowels, tanwīn) are dropped in transliteration. f) Gemination (tashdīd) is indicated by the doubling of the geminated letter, unless an end letter, in which case the gemination is dropped. g) The definitive article al- will always be thus transliterated, unless subject to one of the modifying notes (e.g., El-Arish rather than al-ʿArīsh; modification according to note (a)). h) The Arabic transliteration disregards the Sun Letters (the antero-palatals (al-Ḥurūf al-Shamsiyya). i) The tā-marbūṭa (o) is omitted in transliteration, unless in construct-stage (e.g., Khirba but Khirbat Mishmish). These modifying notes may lead to various inconsistencies in the Arabic transliteration, but this policy has deliberately been adopted to gain smoother reading of Arabic terms and names. ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1
greek Ancient Greek Modern Greek Greek Letters a a Α; α; ᾳ b v Β; β g gh; g Γ; γ d dh Δ; δ e e Ε; ε z z Ζ; ζ e; e i Η; η; ῃ th th Θ; θ i i Ι; ι k k; ky Κ; κ l l Λ; λ m m Μ; μ n n Ν; ν x x Ξ; ξ o o Ο; ο p p Π; π r; rh r Ρ; ρ; ῥ s s Σ; σ; ς t t Τ; τ u; y i Υ; υ ph f Φ; φ ch kh Χ; χ ps ps Ψ; ψ o; ō o Ω; ω; ωι ai e αι ei i ει oi i οι ui i υι ou ou ου eu ev ευ eu; ēu iv ηυ – j τζ nt d; nd ντ mp b; mb μπ ngk g γκ ng ng νγ h – ῾ – – ᾽ w – ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Edition, Volume 1 russian transliteration rules А A Б B В V Г G Д D Е E, Ye1 Ё Yo, O2 Ж Zh З Z И I Й Y3 К K Л L М M Н N О O П P Р R С S Т T У U Ф F Х Kh Ц Ts Ч Ch Ш Sh Щ Shch Ъ omitted; see note 1 Ы Y Ь omitted; see note 1 Э E Ю Yu Я Ya 1. Ye at the beginning of a word; after all vowels except Ы; and after Ъ and Ь. 2. O after Ч, Ш and Щ. 3. Omitted after Ы, and in names of people after И. A. Many first names have an accepted English or quasi-English form which has been preferred to transliteration. B. Place names have been given according to the Columbia Lippincott Gazeteer. C. Pre-revolutionary spelling has been ignored. D. Other languages using the Cyrillic alphabet (e.g., Bulgarian, Ukrainian), inasmuch as they appear, have been phonetically transliterated in conformity with the principles of this table.
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ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA
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©2007 Keter Publishing House Ltd.
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BAALAH (Heb. הָלְ עַ ּב), n
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jailed. Ultimately, the Soviet Unio
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feated the Philistines in their att
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the direction rather than the name
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Canaanite Religion (1969). Add. Bib
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index; Friedmann, in: YIVO Bleter,
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tive as a mathematician both in res
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in the U.S.S.R. In 1937 he was give
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of one amora, their punishment vari
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Jewish nature of the site and an ap
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period (c. 1850 B.C.E.) the *Amorit
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Information on Babylonian Jewry und
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came from the transient Palmyrene E
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there from 1905 until his death. A
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en Bezalel (the Maharal) of Prague.
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dates of his birth and death are un
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Amoräer (1878, also in Hg., 19132)
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of Nemirov, a disciple of *Levi Isa
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the calendar with Bacon (S. Berger,
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°BADÈ, WILLIAM FREDERIC (1871-193
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Leket Peraḥim and Zer Peraḥim (
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15th century, a Jewish badge, in ad
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maternal grandson of Isaac *Covo. I
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of Breslau under J. Freudental and
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winning by a TKO in the 11th. Baer
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Posen, resigned when Posen was rein
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Community Leaders In the 18th and 1
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again became president of the commu
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of the *Inquisition was established
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the works, amongst a host of early
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BAḤYA (Pseudo), name given to the
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God is good, and that he has a know
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Among his many publications, Bailyn
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BAK, printers and pioneers in Erez
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ginning with “And Hannah prayed
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ish question. For him the solution
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there are indications that Balaam w
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hearing this, Balaam became greatly
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Among artists, portrayal of the sub
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sions of Lenin (1934); My Life as a
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Turks in 1453. In this lament on th
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with the Arab population and lay th
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is indeed doubtful whether the Brit
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all three participated in a Jeffers
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ciation. In 1901 he established the
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in 1560. The Christian printer Dani
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ography: A. Mirodan, Dictionar neco
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networks had arisen: the German-spo
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Over the years the university expan
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BAMBERGER, HEINRICH VON (1822-1888)
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BAMBERGER, SIMON (1846-1926), U.S.
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The region is still considered to b
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mentary on the Tosefta before his d
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1549). Prostitution and adultery we
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was given by several persons. In we
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ITALY. In the 15th and beginning of
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ank in 1803, which under Ludwig (wh
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D. Wolfowitz, a veteran foreign pol
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early detachment from Judaism, she
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Bāqā al-Gharbiyya received munici
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ever - whether quoted in the Talmud
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ferences are by and large localized
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passages are difficult to understan
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of the litigation. In writing the C
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BARAM, UZI (1937- ), Israeli politi
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man and Hebrew in Jewish journals a
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choice of material and is still a f
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His daughter was Asenath *Barazani.
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Bibliography: Baer, Studien, 146; B
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public figure in Barcelona, a posit
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and a Maccabi movement. An old-age
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BARD, BASIL JOSEPH ASHER (1914-2002
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ming at the Brandeis Camp Institute
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Simeon to come to their aid. Simeon
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BAR-ILAN, DAVID (1930-2003), Israel
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On several rabbinical committees su
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the recently discovered contemporar
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Extent of revolt Roman Legion Fortr
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on the border of the Judean Desert.
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in 1964-66 as head of the Operation
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The Bar Mitzvah Derashah Solomon Lu
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Current Reform Responsa (1969), ind
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BARNET, WILL (1911- ), U.S. painter
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BARON, BERNHARD (1850-1929), indust
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Baron undertook the largest synthet
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Rachel preferred death to childless
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that Rembrandt’s painting, “The
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Johnson from 1975 and 1993 and was
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Jonah of Safed), and in 1651 became
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already quotes the *Zohar and the t
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and the Babylonians), while the six
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Psalms 147:12, “Praise, O Jerusal
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BARUCH BEN ISAAC OF WORMS (late 12t
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ooks with the aim of refuting the a
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defense committee. As a member of t
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of Man and its president in 1926. B
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Jos., Ant., 12:330ff.). Alexander *
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empereur de Byzance, et la civilisa
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eligious studies and director of th
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Not only Herzl in his Judenstaat (1
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Moses Cordovero, Or Ne’erav (a co
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Abraham Hezekiah was proofreader fo
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fuerst”) by his fellow Jews - a f
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Talmudic Period The Talmud declared
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BAT KOL (Heb. לֹ וק תַ ּב;
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Bat-Dor In 1967, Rothschild establi
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Bibliography: Wehr-Halle, in: ZDMG,
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ity - attempting to murder all Jews
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Inter-Parliamentary Group from 1985
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America: A Biographical Dictionary
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of the academies to study one tract
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guard produce (but do not work with
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ecame prominent in Ansbach and Fuer
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the Talmud” illustrated 18 talmud
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the principality. However, six Jewi
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practiced accounting during 1928-46
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Transport and Trading Company in 18
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drinking, no bathing, no anointing,
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71-88; D. Frank, “The End of the
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stones from the last quarter of the
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the administration of justice, the
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were deported to Minsk in 1942. Bed
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evacuation from London in 1939-45.
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ange. While still a youth he became
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Bibliography: R. Heinefling, in: Un
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tragedy of the narration with the o
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tinued to be the southern frontier
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gars but are contained in the compl
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BÉGIN, EMILE-AUGUSTE (1802-1888),
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was promoting the foundation of the
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autobiography under the title The C
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affairs. After failing to receive a
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in 1937 as a student and commenced
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Lebanese Jews immigrated to France,
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where he served as head of the comm
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Mezöberény, was directed to Ausch
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Joseph of Orleans, i.e., Bekhor Sho
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all of them. There were 5,600 Jews
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Ostend WEST VLAANDEREN Bruges Heren
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ups to be accompanied by covering l
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study of modern Hebrew, and hosting
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2001, a National Commission for Res
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the Germans, contrived to organize
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continually” (Gen. 6:5). To aid h
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this solution time is transcended.
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The son of Saddik, MOSES COHEN BELI
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In 1921 Belkin became director of t
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BELL, SIR FRANCIS HENRY DILLON (185
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turned to Chicago. In 1940 he and h
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history at Manchester University an
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into the agricultural and industria
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in later painting, notably the dram
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followers of Belz Ḥasidism throug
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Receiving of the train began. Dozen
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pation Bemporad was compelled to ab
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cized the political positions of Pr
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Russian revolution of 1905, Ben-Amm
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leader of the Greek Socialist Party
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(1860), 32; Schorr, in: He-Ḥalutz
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fore R. Joshua (Par. 1:1). He is fo
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asis of his views in theology, hist
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camping, initiated home-study proje
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mans (under Hadrian) are contained
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cally authentic, although they are
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ment, and those recited before mitz
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Am, as expressed in his historic ar
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translator of Hebrew liturgical wor
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ning of the crisis. On Sept. 8, 195
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German occupation were sometimes no
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found at Benghazi, the Jews of Bere
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socialist society in Palestine, bas
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increased, and Ben-Gurion decided o
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dents are required to develop activ
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Chorale) and special liking for Deb
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linked literary theory to the histo
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However, some scholars believe that
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imports and exports in 1953. From 1
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BENJAMIN, WALTER (1892-1940), Germa
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Ẓevi] according to Nathan”), wa
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Paris Cologne Bonn Coblenz Mainz Pr
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BEN KALBA SAVU’A (1st century C.E
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showed in New York at the Artist’
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BENNETT, MICHAEL (1943-1987), U.S.
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was arrested, Benoît replaced him
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and in German, Philosophische Stroe
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ings by his father David; Tuv-Miẓ
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ooks of the Hagiographa (BK 92b; cf
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verbatum. The first baraita, which
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was chairman of a League of Nations
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itual law (Issur ve-Hetter). Benven
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ther’s side, with its roots in no
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In Paris, Ben-Yehuda met George (Ge
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She worked as an editor of the Ency
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abbi of the Asociación Comunidad I
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land, ein Wintermaerchen (1938), pu
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Its Yishuv during the Ottoman Empir
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items, calculated to please the aut
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However, the conflicting interests
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and the crafts and did not work in
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Under the Soviet government, most o
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he defended the claims of individua
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tion of fables translated mostly fr
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stein, whose influence was apparent
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army marched on Jerusalem, she went
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ing agricultural produce for the lo
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and interferes in Russian politics
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tal, and photographed the Tokyo sky
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secular subjects. In 1901 and again
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Brigadier H.L. Glyn Hughes, deputy
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chairman of the County Republican P
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336 pounds (152.5 kg.), which at a
Page 427 and 428:
ter,” or oleomargarine, in a fact
Page 429 and 430:
Bibliography: B. Shohetman and Sh.
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BERGNER YOSSL (Yosef; 1920- ), Isra
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men. Strong fetters of habit tie ma
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til about May 1946), directed by Is
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was chairman of the society until 1
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veloped these points further in his
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ary page of the Yiddish journal, Di
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Perils of Pauline and Tillie’s Pu
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to the margrave who from 1317 pledg
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pointed of 15, 18, or 32 members. I
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were immediate and made Jews feel d
Page 451 and 452:
Scrolls were hidden there during th
Page 453 and 454:
Bibliography: J. Meisl (ed.), Pinka
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BERLIN, ḤAYYIM (1832-1912), Lithu
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talmudic halakhot not mentioned by
Page 459 and 460:
mahot be-Yisrael, 2 (1948), 33; ide
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the pasteurization of milk and an i
Page 463 and 464:
house but in 1968, during the antis
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BERMAN, SIMEON (1818-1884), precurs
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the Allies’ rejection of these pr
Page 469 and 470:
Hollywood in the early 1950s for al
Page 471 and 472:
landmark texts, notably Crystallizi
Page 473 and 474:
stein took over the prestigious Vos
Page 475 and 476:
BERNHEIM, LOUIS (1861-1931), Belgia
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juedischer Autoren 2 (1993), 289-30
Page 479 and 480:
the National Research Council of Ca
Page 481 and 482:
He also succeeded Igor Stravinsky a
Page 483 and 484:
ecame both a city councillor and an
Page 485 and 486:
Deadlines (1961), Watch That Word (
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Flood, the Flood itself, and the dy
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solidarity.” He was, however, not
Page 491 and 492:
Bibliography: Grove online; MGG2; B
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figure of Beruryah - talmudic schol
Page 495 and 496:
motion in the plane, was solved by
Page 497 and 498:
could read Russian. After the pogro
Page 499 and 500:
figure in the Jewish community and
Page 501 and 502:
and 15th centuries the Beta Israel
Page 503 and 504:
1860-1905: The Missionary Challenge
Page 505 and 506:
Ethiopians in Mereba, a crime commi
Page 507 and 508:
as “an act of renewing their cove
Page 509 and 510:
problematic, economically, socially
Page 511 and 512:
derground organization Irgun Ẓeva
Page 513 and 514:
an ecclesiastical court dealing wit
Page 515 and 516:
sengers were sent out all over the
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HISTORICAL BACKGROUND. Already duri
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conjugal relations with another man
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der was issued to enforce the compl
Page 523 and 524:
An additional example of the Israel
Page 525 and 526:
ounded by an 11 ft. (3⅓ m.) thick
Page 527 and 528:
(2) Kibbutz in the southern Judean
Page 529 and 530:
as soon as Livia became a member of
Page 531 and 532:
ple, with regard to spiced oil, Bet
Page 533 and 534:
those reasons for the ascendance of
Page 535 and 536:
The Bethlehem town group has close
Page 537 and 538:
THE AGGADAH: Ginzberg, Legends, 1 (
Page 539 and 540:
Early Bronze IV, Middle Bronze II,
Page 541 and 542:
all obligations undertaken in the t
Page 543 and 544:
showdown between them at Megiddo in
Page 545 and 546:
The Byzantine Period In Byzantine t
Page 547 and 548:
Shean during the Eighteenth Dynasty
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kings of Judah and Israel, in about
Page 551 and 552:
state, akin to the first Austrian r
Page 553 and 554:
ing with expansion to 420 in the mi
Page 555 and 556:
in Transjordan and Ben-Zion rejecte
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BEZALEL (Heb. לֵ אְלַצְ ּ
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Judaism. The seal of the community
Page 561 and 562:
pupils were such outstanding rabbis
Page 563 and 564:
prophetic visions. While biblical t
Page 565 and 566:
learned and “literary,” he anti
Page 567 and 568:
Bibliography: LNYL, 1 (1956), 277-8
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dustrialist, Oskar Stefen; Jews wer
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schmidt (Jerusalem, 1978). Four man
Page 573 and 574:
Judeo-Romance Languages Ladino (Jud
Page 575 and 576:
formulation. However, tannaitic lit
Page 577 and 578:
though Daniel, Psalms, and Proverbs
Page 579 and 580:
Wisdom of Ben Sira is highly signif
Page 581 and 582:
The Order of the Hagiographa 1. 2.
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pronunciation more or less as it ha
Page 585 and 586:
too, warned against teaching from
Page 587 and 588:
of a million of them. The Portugues
Page 589 and 590:
Akkadian noun itself has been conne
Page 591 and 592:
vah, 29) names Targum Onkelos as th
Page 593 and 594:
TARGUM YERUSHALMI TO THE PROPHETS.
Page 595 and 596:
de Qumran (1971); B. Grossfeld, A B
Page 597 and 598:
not know why translators treated th
Page 599 and 600:
(1975); W. McKane. Selected Christi
Page 601 and 602:
vised the Philoxenian Version compl
Page 603 and 604:
is reflected in sentence structure
Page 605 and 606:
his work include his commentary to
Page 607 and 608:
of communication. Most modern trans
Page 609 and 610:
a surrogate, e.g., “heaven.” Af
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tury. They include one of Judges (M
Page 613 and 614:
and James I, reflected the “Angli
Page 615 and 616:
Knox’s translation can be said to
Page 617 and 618:
not subject to the demands of a den
Page 619 and 620:
“son.” Other inclusive sensitiv
Page 621 and 622:
The following sample of interesting
Page 623 and 624:
of individual scholar-translators w
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NJV Remember the Sabbath day and ke
Page 627 and 628:
desirable, not to mention inevitabl
Page 629 and 630:
and especially La Sainte Bible de J
Page 631 and 632:
and Fleischuetz (1778) also referri
Page 633 and 634:
thorough revision of the Icelandic
Page 635 and 636:
the Bulgarians. However, only fragm
Page 637 and 638:
estant Bible appeared in 1817. An I
Page 639 and 640:
Hebrew Text of the Old Testament: T
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gadic approach, or use of parable a
Page 643 and 644:
ing even in halakhah instances of d
Page 645 and 646:
inner meanings should be allowed to
Page 647 and 648:
the Bible. His emendations serve as
Page 649 and 650:
was gradually developing was that t
Page 651 and 652:
of Israel may be seen in the two ma
Page 653 and 654:
quarters “P” is subject to even
Page 655 and 656:
commentaries on Daniel, worthy of s
Page 657 and 658:
I Kgs 22. The inscriptions refer to
Page 659 and 660:
tion. It was Weber who delineated d
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possession of the entire Jewish peo
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tion is mystic (sod; see *Kabbalah)
Page 665 and 666:
Much has been written about Paul’
Page 667 and 668:
lenge to this contention, in what i
Page 669 and 670:
however, was also familiar with the
Page 671 and 672:
1782; Abele, 1797). Two Jewish writ
Page 673 and 674:
to appear, move and sing, the appea
Page 675 and 676:
two main types were the “aristocr
Page 677 and 678:
cial altar with a leaning ramp, the
Page 679 and 680:
choir illustrates Psalm 149, “Hal
Page 681 and 682:
the Bible, the National Bible Socie
Page 683 and 684:
sua Typographia, adjuntos os preço
Page 685 and 686:
Bibliography: Zunz, Gesch, 230-48;
Page 687 and 688:
versities and then gradually shifte
Page 689 and 690:
and 30 other Jews, they formed a pa
Page 691 and 692:
Spreading of Enlightenment.” As a
Page 693 and 694:
RELEASE FROM THE PROHIBITION. The o
Page 695 and 696:
ingly rejected Zionism as an overt
Page 697 and 698:
tinuation of these annuals, M.E. *S
Page 699 and 700:
ics, but his tendency to see everyt
Page 701 and 702:
they discovered that Oliphant could
Page 703 and 704:
East”). Towards the end of its ex
Page 705 and 706:
the Council of Bingen (1455-56) in
Page 707 and 708:
Joseph *Caro’s diary on his heave
Page 709 and 710:
E.E. Lifschutz, Bibliography of Ame
Page 711 and 712:
After the 1837 earthquake that dest
Page 713 and 714:
all ingredients necessary to make s
Page 715 and 716:
ceived the idea that the Jews were
Page 717 and 718:
(1921), Das Kaiser und der Architek
Page 719 and 720:
the Economically Ruined Jewish Mass
Page 721 and 722:
the pangs of childbirth were foreto
Page 723 and 724:
lical To Modern Times (2004); R.L.
Page 725 and 726:
BISCHOFFSHEIM FAMILY RAPHAEL NATHAN
Page 727 and 728:
BISTRITA (Rom. Bistriţa; Hg. Beszt
Page 729 and 730:
BITHIAH, name given by the rabbis t
Page 731 and 732:
losophy Department at the Universit
Page 733 and 734:
tribute among the wells, the cister
Page 735 and 736:
formal organizations rarely contact
Page 737 and 738:
Professor Michael Levin insisted th
Page 739 and 740:
BLANK, ARTHUR M. (1942- ), U.S. ent
Page 741 and 742:
period that he worked with the Krok
Page 743 and 744:
Regarded as the reigning theorist o
Page 745 and 746:
demic Work (1973), On the Nature of
Page 747 and 748:
well as the economic crisis in Pale
Page 749 and 750:
It was the first time in the histor
Page 751 and 752:
eficiary of good fortune or the vic
Page 753 and 754:
1965. He received France’s highes
Page 755 and 756:
able times and by the machinations
Page 757 and 758:
Jewish people to achieve self- dete
Page 759 and 760:
saw, and he was a regular contribut
Page 761 and 762:
Bloch (1977); idem, Utopie, Messian
Page 763 and 764: of sex and a leader in the movement
Page 765 and 766: BLOCH, KONRAD (1912-2000), U.S. bio
Page 767 and 768: versities of Prague and Leipzig, an
Page 769 and 770: wife, Annette, wrote three books ab
Page 771 and 772: Bibliography: Dubnow, Hist Russ, 3
Page 773 and 774: stricted and regulated: the natural
Page 775 and 776: statues, led to charges of ritual k
Page 777 and 778: ENCYCLOPAEDIA JUDAICA, Second Editi
Page 779 and 780: curred in places within the *Pale o
Page 781 and 782: in the Stream (1977), Sammy and Ros
Page 783 and 784: BLOOMFIELD, LEONARD (1887-1949), Am
Page 785 and 786: A bar mitzvah boy surrounded by fam
Page 787: ABOVE: Ethiopian boys and girls lea
Page 790 and 791: Dowry of a Jewish bride, made from
Page 792 and 793: Yemenite Jewish bride and groom in
Page 794 and 795: abbreviation Rom. Romanian. Rus(s).
Page 796 and 797: abbreviations Ibn Ezra, Comm. to th
Page 798 and 799: abbreviations Ohel Moshe (2), Resp.
Page 800 and 801: abbreviations Yad Ramah, Nov. by Me
Page 802 and 803: abbreviations Baron, Social S.W. Ba
Page 804 and 805: abbreviations EG Enẓiklopedyah sh
Page 806 and 807: abbreviations IEJ Israel Exploratio
Page 808 and 809: abbreviations MGG 2 Die Musik in Ge
Page 810 and 811: abbreviations IQSa The Rule of the
Page 812 and 813: abbreviations TSBA Transactions of
Page 816 and 817: GLOSSARY Asterisked terms have sepa
Page 818 and 819: glossary *Kalām (Ar.), science of
Page 820 and 821: glossary Resh galuta, lay head of B
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JUDAICA - Wisdom In Torah

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