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ACGïH, on the other hand, has. in the past, had heavy involvement witli industry,
and economic considerations played an influential role in the setting of exposure
standards, fndced, the standard setting process of ACOIH seemed to focus on weighing
the degree of risk that exposure involved with the cost to industry of introducing
control procedures which would reduce the exposure levels. In discussing the role of
industry in this process, Stokinger. one of the key people involved, wrote the following
(Stokinger, 1970):
Plant industrial physicians and engineers arc making observations on the workers and their
workplace environment. Some TLVs so derived have been based on a decade or two of .ndustnal
experience. Clearly, such procedures can yield indisputable data on which realistic TLVs
can be derived, unsurrounded by that uncertainty and doubt which requires the incorporation of
large safety factors, leading to wasteful overcnginecring of plant processes.
The clear influence of the economic considérations is brought home when he contin-
ues by claiming that
[TLVs] provide safely without ovcrpratocting the worker or overcnginecring the plant pro-
cesses. pradioes which private enterprises can afford only at the expense of the consumer public
which pays the increased cost of their product.
The Delaney principle. This principle, part of an amendment to the Food
and Drug Act introduced in 1958 by Congressman James J. Delaney,
requires that 4 'no [food] additive shall be deemed to be safe if it is found ...
after tests which are appropriate for the evaluation of the safety of food
additives to induce cancer in man or animal."*'
the safety (uncertainty) factor
FIGURE 6
FIGURE 7
AD1 (mg/pcrson/day) - NOAEL (mg/kg/day)
X 70 (kg/pcrson)/safcty (uncertainty) factor.
value, the assumption in the unuca ouu» ^
person per day; thus, the final value should be divided by a factor of 2:
drinking water target (rng/Utcr) = ADI (mg/day) - inhalation (mg/day)
FIGURE 16
- food (mg/day)/(2 liters/day)