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absolutive sentences, it must match the person and number of the object. For the
following irrealis moods the person is represented within the irrealis word which follows
the verb. The verb root is conjugated with the suffix -î, making it a past participle
(PST.PTCP). Some speakers, though, may drop the -î suffix because of awkwardness in
pronunciation. All of the examples below are from Şirîn and Buşra (2006:333-4).
(112) ez çû-î ba-m
1D go.PST-PST.PTCP could.have-1SG
‘I could have gone.’
(113) te sêv xwar-î ba-î
2O apple eat-PST.PTCP could.have-2SG
‘You could’ve eaten the apple.’
(114) lazim bî te sêv xwar-î ba-Ø
Necessary COP.PST-3SG 2O apple eat.PST-PST.PTCP should.have-3SG
‘You should’ve eaten the apple.’
(115) ne lazim bî-Ø ez çû-î ba-m
not necessary COP.PST-3SG 1D go-PST.PTCP should_have-1SG
‘I should not have gone.’
(116) heker ez çû-î ba-m, ez da xw-im
If 1D go-PST.PTCP had.1SG, 1D in.order.to eat.PRS-1SG
‘If I had gone, I would have eaten it.’
(117) heker min ne şîa-Ø ba-Ø, ez ne di-çû-m
if 1O NEG can-PST-PTCP could.have-3SG 1D NEG IPFV-go.PST-1SG
‘If I could have avoided it, I would not have gone.’
4.4.3.8 Perfect tense
The perfect tense consists of two things: a past tense root with the suffix -î, and a
form of the verb bûn (or bîn) that is similar to the copula. These constructions are
summarized in Table 14. Following the table are some examples from Şirîn and Buşra
(2006) and the corpus.