Magin_Edward-thesis

66
(13) havîn bu-Ø çu-m=e Şingar-ê (BS2:1)
summer COP.PST-3SG go.PST-1SG=DIR Shingar
‘It was summer (when) I went to Shingar.’
(14) kew-ek bu-Ø lê ne-çu-Ø rav-ê (BS7:11)
partridge-INDF COP.PST-3SG but NEG-go.PST-3SG hunting-OBL.M
‘He was a partridge but he did not go hunting.’
Ditransitive verbs, such as ‘give,’ also require a GOAL. In (15) the GOAL is bîanî,
‘group of foreigners.’ The GOAL is again preceded by the directional enclitic.
(15) dê min di-n=e bîanî (BS2:66)
will 1O give-PRS-3PL=DIR group.of.foreigners
‘They are going to give me to foreigners.’
Lastly, a goal may be metaphoric, as is the situation in example (16). In this poem
Ahmed Nalbend is not actually talking about slavery but of his desire for a particular
woman. The verb bum, ‘I became,’ has to do with a metaphoric transition to another
state. It too has an aspect of metaphorically moving towards something and, therefore,
also requires use of the directional enclitic, e.
(16) ez bu-m=e xidam (AN5:34)
1D become.PST-1SG=DIR slave
‘I became a slave…’
For more examples and further discussion on the directional enclitic, see § 4.4.3.1 where I
have provided some of my personal research on the subject.
4.4.2 Nouns and the noun phrase
4.4.2.1 Nouns
Nouns in Northern Kurdish are masculine, feminine or neuter. Nouns that are
neuter are either masculine or feminine, depending on the use of the noun in a sentence.
The gender may be revealed by means of an ezafe conjunctive particle or oblique suffix,
discussed in § 4.4.2.4. For example, the word heval means ‘friend.’ If you are referring to
a female friend of yours, you would say hevala min, ‘my friend,’ using the feminine ezafe
particle, -a, to connect the possessive pronoun, min, ‘me.’