Magin_Edward-thesis

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Table 15. Past perfect tense constructions 54
person & number suffix & word
1SG
-i bîm/bûm
2SG
-i bî/bû
3SG
-i bî/bû
1PL
-i bîn/bûn
2PL & 3PL -i bîn/bûn
(123) ez çû-Ø 55 bî-m bajêrr-î (Şirîn and Buşra 2006:314)
1D go.PST-PPFT PPFT-1SG city-OBL.M
‘I had gone to the city.’
(124) ji berî nuke wî ez dît-i bî-m (Şirîn and Buşra 2006:314)
From before now 3OM 1D see.PST-PPFT PPFT-1SG
‘He had seen me just before now.’
(125) min dergeh girt-i bî-Ø (Şirîn and Buşra 2006:314)
1O door close.PST-PPFT PPFT-3SG
‘I had closed the door.’
(126) me dît-i bu-Ø (Thackston 2006:56)
1op see.PST-PPFT
‘We had seen (it).’
4.4.3.10 Passive voice
PPFT-3SG
Passive voice is usually conveyed by the verb hat/bê, ‘come,’ in conjunction with
the infinitive form of the verb of action or state. The verb hat/bê must be conjugated to
agree with the subject. The infinitive form of the verb of action or state, which follows
hat/bê, consists of the past tense root with the 3PL suffix. In passive constructions, the
verb, hat/bê, may be transcribed as ‘become/became.’ Below, I have included only a few
54 Some dialects in Northern Iraq use the vowel û instead of î. Şirîn & Buşra’s publications exhibit the use
of î, as this usage is more common in the speech varieties in the city of Zaxo. Like the constructions for the
perfect tense, the added word for the past perfect construction stems from the verb bûn (or bîn), ‘be.’
55 According to Şirîn & Buşra (2006: 314) the -i suffix is often not uttered in both pronunication and
writing. Some speakers may change the sound to î, therein making it more distinct.