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25 ème Colloque de l’Association Internationale de Climatologie, Grenoble 2012Ainsi, la perspective principale de ce travail est d’évaluer les émissivités des surfacesterrestres afin de mieux appréhender les erreurs des EQP par satellite. Cette étude sera réaliséeà l’échelle de l’Amazonie Brésilienne avec une base de données pluviométriques au sol plusexhaustive.Remerciement : Le premier auteur, actuellement doctorant, remercie l’équipe DSA/INPEpour son aide scientifique, en particulier D. Vila.Références bibliographiquesCâmara G., Valeriano D.M., Soares J.V., 2006 : Metodologia para o Cálculo da Taxa Anual de Desmatamentona Amazônia Legal. São José dos Campos: Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais, 24 p.Chambon P., 2011 : Contribution à l’estimation des précipitations tropicales : préparation aux missions Megha-Tropiques et Global Precipitation Measurement. Thèse de doctorat, Université Paris-Est, 205 p.Ebert E.E., 2007 : Methods for verifying satellite precipitation estimates. In: Measuring Precipitation fromspace: EURAINSAT and the future. Levizzani, V., Bauer, P. and Turk, F.J., eds., Springer, 345-356.Espinoza JC., Ronchail J., Guyot J.L., Cocheneau G., Filizola N., Lavado W., de Oliveira E., Pombosa R. etVauchel P., 2009 : Spatio-temporal rainfall variability in the Amazon Basin Countries (Brazil, Peru, Bolivia,Colombia and Ecuador). International Journal of Climatology, 29, 1574-1594.Ferraro R. R., 1997 : SSM/I derived global rainfall estimates for climatological applications. J. Geophys. Res.,102, 16715-16735.Ferraro R. R., Weng F., Grody N. C. et Zhao L., 2000 : Precipitation characteristics over land from the NOAA-15 AMSU sensor. Geophys. Res. Ltr., 27, 2669-2672.Journel A. et Huijbregts C C., 1978 : Mining Geostatistics. London: Academic Press, 600 pages.Joyce R. J., Janowiak J. E., Arkin P. A. et Xie P., 2004 : CMORPH: A method that produces global precipitationestimates from passive microwave and infrared data at high spatial and temporal resolution. J. Hydromet., 5,487-503.Kidd C., Levizzani V., Turk J. et Ferraro R., 2009 : Satellite Precipitation Measurements for Water ResourceMonitoring. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA), 45(3), 567-579.Kummerow C., Barnes W., Kozu T., Shiue J., and Simpson J., 1998 : The tRopical Rainfall Measuring Mission(TRMM) Sensor Package. J. Atmos. Ocean. Tech., 15, 809- 817.Kummerow C., Hong Y., Olson W. S., Yang S., Adler R. F., McCollum J., Ferraro R., Petty G., Shin D.-B. etWilheit T. T., 2001 : Evolution of the Goddard profiling algorithm (GPROF) for rainfall estimating from passivemicrowave sensors. J. Appl. Meteor., 40, 1801-1820.Laurent H., Jobard I. et Toma A., 1998 : Validation of satellite and groundbased estimates of precipitation overthe Sahel, Atmospheric Research, 4748, 651-670.Ronchail J.G., Cochonneau M., Molinier J.L., Guyot A.G., de Miranda C., Guimarães V. et de Oliveira E.,2002 : Interannual rainfall variability in the Amazon basin and sea-surface temperatures in the equatorial Pacificand tropical Atlantic Oceans. Int. J. Climatol., 22, 1663-1686.218
25 ème Colloque de l’Association Internationale de Climatologie, Grenoble 2012VARIABILITÉ BASSE-FREQUENCE DES PRÉCIPITATIONS AUSAHEL ET DES TEMPÉRATURES DE SURFACE DE L’OCÉANATLANTIQUE AU COURS DU DERNIER SIÈCLEBastien DIEPPOIS 1 , Alain DURAND 1 , Matthieu FOURNIER 1 , Arona DIEDHIOU 2 ,Bernard FONTAINE 3 , Nicolas MASSEI 1 , Zeineddine NOUACEUR 4 et David SEBAG 1, 51 Université de Rouen, CNRS, INSU UMR 6143 M2C, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.bastien.dieppois@univ-rouen.fr2 LTHE, UMR 5564 IRD-UJF-CNRS, Grenoble, France.3 Université de Rouen, CNRS, UMR 6228 IDEES, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France.4 Université de Dijon, CNRS, UMR 5210 CRC, Dijon, France.5Université de Montpellier 2, IRD, UMR 5569 HSM, Montpellier, France.Résumé : Cette étude examine les téléconnexions entre les températures de surface de la mer (TSM) de l'océanAtlantique et la distribution zonale des précipitations au Sahel au cours du dernier siècle. Depuis la fin desannées 60, les précipitations d’Afrique de l’Ouest présentent une tendance négative sur l’ensemble de la bandesahélienne. Pourtant, trois types de variabilité basse-fréquence des précipitations sahélienne sont observés : lacôte atlantique (Dakar), le Sahel central (Nioro du Sahel et Mopti) et le Sahel oriental (Niamey, Maradi, Maïné-Soroa). Au cours du XX ème siècle, les précipitations sont rarement reliées simultanément avec les TSM del'Atlantique Nord et Tropical Sud. Aux échelles multi- et quasi-décennale, dans les années 50 et depuis lesannées 90, un réchauffement des TSM de l'Atlantique Nord (AMO+ : Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation)contribue à l’augmentation des précipitations sahéliennes de la côte Atlantique à Mopti ou Niamey (6°W/2°E).L’impact des TSM de l’Atlantique Tropical Sud dépend de la période d’observation et de l’échelle de variabilité.Mots-clés : Sahel, précipitations, variabilité climatique, TSM Atlantique, téléconnexions.Abstract: Low-frequency Sahel rainfall variability and Atlantic sea surface temperature during the lastcentury.This study examines teleconnections between Atlantic SST and the west-east distribution of Sahel rainfallthroughout the 20 th century. Since the late 1960s, West African rainfalls have shown a pronounced negativetrend over the Sahel. However, Sahel rainfall variability shows three coherent regions in West Africa: theAtlantic Coast (Dakar), central Sahel (Nioro du Sahel and Mopti) and eastern Sahel (Niamey, Maradi andMaine-Soroa). Over the 20 th century, a synchronous Sahel rainfall teleconnection with North Atlantic andTropical South Atlantic SSTs is rarely observed. Across multi- and quasi-decadal scales, a warming of NorthAtlantic SSTs contributes to increased rainfall from Atlantic Coast up to Mopti or Niamey (6°W/2°E). Theimpact of Tropical South Atlantic SSTs depends on the time period and scales of variability.Keywords: Sahel, rainfall, climate variability, Atlantic SST, téléconnections.IntroductionLe Sahel, depuis la fin des années 60 jusqu’au milieu des années 90, a subi un déficitpluviométrique pratiquement continu avec le développement de sécheresses persistantes(CCMA, 2002). Ces sécheresses représentent un des changements climatiques pluridécennauxles plus forts observés au XX ème siècle, auquel s’ajoutent des variationspluriannuelles (Le Barbé et al., 2002). Cependant, les causes de ce changement ne sont pasencore clairement déterminées.Un certain nombre d’études soulignent le rôle déterminant des températures de surface del’océan dans la conduite de telles variations (e.g. Folland et al., 1986 ; Giannini et al., 2003).La variabilité décennale à multi-décennale des précipitations au Sahel semblerait en relationavec le Mode Inter-Hémisphérique des TSM de l’Atlantique (Folland et al., 1986 ; Giannini etal., 2003). Cependant, les modes de variabilité seraient indépendants au nord et au sud del’océan Atlantique Tropical, et une structure dipolaire ne s’établirait que rarement (Andreoliet Kayano, 2004).219
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