Benders'dictionary of nutrition and food technology

98or maize 1 million. Introduced into Africa by slave ships returningfrom Brazil in mid-16th century. Fermented cassava meal isgari.Cassava root contains cyanide, and before it can be eaten itmust be grated and left in the open to allow the cyanide to evaporate.Theleaves can be eaten as a vegetable, and the tuber is thesource of tapioca.Composition/100 g: water 59.7 g, 670 kJ (160 kcal), protein 1.4 g,fat 0.3g, carbohydrate 38.1g (1.7g sugars), fibre 1.8g, ash 0.6g, Ca16 mg,Fe 0.3 mg,Mg 21 mg,P 27 mg,K 271 mg,Na 14 mg,Zn 0.3 mg,Cu 0.1mg, Mn 0.4mg, Se 0.7µg, vitamin A 1µg RE (8µgcarotenoids), E 0.2 mg, K 1.9 mg, B 1 0.09 mg, B 2 0.05 mg, niacin0.9 mg, B 6 0.09 mg, folate 27 µg, pantothenate 0.1 mg, C 21 mg.cassia The inner bark of a tree grown in the Far East (Cinnamomiumcassia), used as a flavouring, similar to cinnamon.cassina A tea-like beverage made from cured leaves of a hollybush, Ilex cassine, containing 1–1.6% caffeine and 8% tannin.Casson fluid See plastic fluids.Casson value A measure of the rheological properties (shearstress and viscosity) of chocolate.castor oil Oil from the seeds of the castor oil plant, Ricinus spp.The oil itself is not irritating, but in the small intestine it is hydrolysedby lipase to release ricinoleic acid, which is an irritant tothe intestinal mucosa and therefore acts as a purgative.The seedsalso contain the toxic lectin ricin.catabolism Those pathways of metabolism concerned with thebreakdown and oxidation of fuels and hence provision of metabolicenergy. People who are undernourished or suffering fromcachexia are sometimes said to be in a catabolic state, in thatthey are catabolising their body tissues, without replacing them.catadromous fish Fish that live in fresh water and go to sea tospawn, such as eels.catalase haem-containing enzyme (EC 1.11.1.6) that catalyses thedecomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen. Itsmain function in vivo is removal of hydrogen peroxide formedby a variety of oxygenases. Used in food processing to removehydrogen peroxide used as a sterilant, and together with glucoseoxidase (EC 1.1.3.4) to remove traces of oxygen.catchup See ketchup.catecholamines General term for dihydroxyphenylamines, includingdopamine, adrenaline and noradrenaline.catechol oxidase See phenol oxidases.catfish Several types of (mainly North American) freshwater fishthat have barbells resembling a cat’s whiskers, including bullheadand channel catfish.