Benders'dictionary of nutrition and food technology

125vitamins were discovered. An average sample contains 120–1200µg vitamin A and 1–10 µg vitamin D per gram. 25% saturated,51% mono-unsaturated, 25% polyunsaturated, cholesterol570 mg/100 g.codon A sequence of three bases (purines or pyrimidines) inDNA or mRNA that codes for an amino acid. Where codons foramino acids are shown in this book, Pu is used to indicate eitherpurine, Py either pyrimidine, and Nu any nucleotide.coeliac disease (celiac disease) Intolerance of the proteins ofwheat, rye and barley; specifically, the gliadin fraction of theprotein gluten. The villi of the small intestine are severelyaffected and absorption of food is poor. Stools are bulky andfermenting from unabsorbed carbohydrate, and contain a largeamount of unabsorbed fat (steatorrhoea). As a result of the malabsorption,affected people are malnourished and children sufferfrom growth retardation.Treatment is by exclusion of wheat, rye and barley proteins(the starches are tolerated); rice, oats and maize are generallytolerated. Manufactured foods that are free from gluten, andhence suitable for consumption by people with coeliac diseaseare usually labelled as ‘gluten-free’. Also known as gluteninducedenteropathy, and sometimes as non-tropical sprue.coenzymes Organic compounds required for the activity of someenzymes; most are derived from vitamins. A coenzyme that iscovalently bound to the enzyme is a prosthetic group.Other coenzymes act to transfer groups from one enzymeto another, e.g. Coenzyme A transfers acetyl groups betweenenzymes, nad transfers hydrogen between enzymes in oxidationand reduction reactions.An enzyme that requires a tightly bound coenzyme is inactivein the absence of its coenzyme; this can be exploited to assessvitamin b 1 , b 2 and b 6 nutritional status, by measuring the activityof enzymes that require coenzymes derived from these vitamins(see enzyme activation assays).Coenzyme A (CoA) is derived from the vitamin pantothenicacid; it is required for the transfer and metabolism of acetylgroups (and other fatty acyl groups). Coenzyme I and coenzymeII are obsolete names for nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide(NAD) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate(NADP). Coenzyme Q is ubiquinone; Coenzyme R is obsoletename for biotin.coextrusion For manufacture of food packaging materials, amultilayer film in which the distinct layers are formed by asimultaneous extrusion process through a single die rather thanby separate stages of coating and lamination.