Benders'dictionary of nutrition and food technology

151dhool The name given to leaves of tea up to the stage of drying.DHSS US Department of Health and Human Services; web sitehttp://www.dhhs.gov/.dhupa See cocoa butter equivalents.diabetes Two distinct conditions: diabetes insipidus and diabetesmellitus. Diabetes insipidus is a metabolic disorder characterisedby extreme thirst, excessive consumption of liquids and urination,due to failure of secretion of the antidiuretic hormone.haemochromatosis is known as bronze diabetes.Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder involving impairedmetabolism of glucose due either to failure of secretion ofthe hormone insulin (Type I, insulin-dependent diabetes) orimpaired responses of tissues to insulin (Type II, non-insulindependentdiabetes). If untreated, the blood concentrationof glucose rises to abnormally high levels (hyperglycaemia)after a meal and glucose is excreted in the urine (glucosuria).Prolonged hyperglycaemia may damage nerves, blood vesselsand kidneys, and lead to development of cataracts, so effectivecontrol of blood glucose levels is important.Type I diabetes develops in childhood (sometimes called juvenile-onsetdiabetes) and is due to failure to secrete insulin as aresult of progressive auto-immune destruction of pancreatic β-islet cells.Treatment is by injection of insulin, either purified frombeef or pig pancreas, now usually, biosynthetic human insulin,together with restriction of the intake of sugars.Type II diabetes generally arises in middle age (maturityonsetdiabetes) and is due to insulin resistance of tissues;secretion of insulin by the pancreas is higher than normal in theearly stages of the disease. It can sometimes be treated byrestricting the consumption of sugars and reducing weight, or bythe use of oral drugs which stimulate insulin secretion and/orenhance the insulin responsiveness of tissues (sulphonylureasand biguanides). It is also treated by injection of insulin tosupplement secretion from the pancreas and overcome theresistance.Impairment of glucose tolerance similar to that seen in diabetesmellitus sometimes occurs in late pregnancy, when it isknown as gestational diabetes. Sometimes pregnancy is the stressthat precipitates diabetes, and commonly the condition resolveswhen the child is born.Renal diabetes is the excretion of glucose in the urine withoutundue elevation of the blood glucose concentration. It is due toa reduction of the renal threshold, which allows the bloodglucose to be excreted.See also glucokinase; metabolic syndrome; mody.