Benders'dictionary of nutrition and food technology

493(6.3g sugars), fibre 11g, ash 1.6g, Ca 363mg, Fe 2.6mg, Mg 95mg,P 91 mg, K 272 mg, Na 9 mg, Zn 0.7 mg, Cu 0.4 mg, Mn 2.9 mg,Se 0.9µg, vitamin A 1376 µg RE (18579µg carotenoids), E 2 mg,K 108.6mg, B 1 0.04 mg, B 2 0.35 mg, niacin 2.4 mg, B 6 0.4 mg, folate83µg, pantothenate 0.2 mg, C 11 mg.vinification The process of fermentation of sugars in grape juiceto make wine.viosterol Irradiated ergosterol; vitamin d 2 .VIP See vasoactive intestinal peptide.Virginia date See persimmon.Virol TM A vitamin preparation based on malt extract.virpa See sowans.viscera The organs within a body cavity, used especially for theabdominal viscera, liver, spleen, gastrointestinal tract,kidneys, etc.viscoelastic Material such as cheese, dough or gelled food, thathas both viscous and elastic properties (see viscosity); when ashear stress is removed it does not return to its original shape,but is deformed.viscogen Thickening agent for whipping cream. Two parts oflime (calcium oxide) in six parts of water, added to five partsof sugar in ten parts of water; used at the rate of 3–6g/L ofcream.viscometer Instrument for measuring the viscosity of liquids.viscosity Of a liquid or gas, its resistance to flow. Decreases withincreasing temperature for liquids, but increases for gases.Dynamic viscosity is the ratio of shear stress :shear rate.Kinematic viscosity is dynamic viscosity/density.See also dilatant; plastic fluids; pseudoplastic; reynoldsnumber; rheopectic; thixotropic; viscoelastic.viscosity, dynamic (or absolute) The ratio of shear stress:shearrate for fluids that exhibit a linear relationship between shearstress and shear rate (Newtonian flow).vision The process of vision is mediated by photosensitive pigmentsformed by reaction between retinaldehyde (vitamin aaldehyde) and the protein opsin. The pigments are known variouslyas visual purple (because of its colour), rhodopsin (in therod cells of the retina) and iodopsin (in the cone cells, with sensitivityto different wavelengths of light in different cells). Exposureto light results in bleaching of the pigment, with loss of theretinaldehyde and a conformational change in the protein, whichleads to closure of a sodium channel in the retinal cell, and initiationof a nerve impulse.visual pigments, visual purple See vision.vitafoods Foods designed to meet the needs of health-conscious