Benders'dictionary of nutrition and food technology

169emulsifying salts Sodium citrate, sodium phosphates and sodiumtartrate, used in the manufacture of milk powder, evaporatedmilk, sterilised cream and processed cheese.emulsin A mixture of enzymes (mainly β-glycosidase, EC3.2.1.21) in bitter almond that hydrolyse the glucoside amygdalinto benzaldehyde, glucose and cyanide.emulsion Colloidal suspension (see colloid) of one liquid (thedispersed phase) in another (the continuous phase). Commonfood emulsions are either oil-in-water or water-in-oil.See also emulsification; emulsifiers; homogenisation;homogenisers; stoke’s law.emulsoids See colloid.encapsulation Core material, which may be liquid or powder, isencased in an outer shell or case, to protect it, or permit releasein response to a given environmental change (e.g. temperature,pH). When the encapsulated particles are less the 50 µm in diameterthe process is known as microencapsulation.encopresis Faecal incontinence.endemic The usual cases of a particular illness in a community.endergonic Used of chemical reactions that require an input ofenergy (usually as heat or light) such as the synthesis of complexmolecules.endive Curly serrated green leaves of Cichorium endivia. Calledchicory in US and chicorée frisée in France.Composition/100 g: (edible portion 86%) water 94g, 71 kJ(17 kcal), protein 1.3 g, fat 0.2 g, carbohydrate 3.3 g (0.3 g sugars),fibre 3.1g, ash 1.4g, Ca 52mg, Fe 0.8mg, Mg 15mg, P 28mg, K314 mg, Na 22 mg, Zn 0.8 mg, Cu 0.1 mg, Mn 0.4 mg, Se 0.2 µg,vitamin A 108 µg RE (1300µg carotenoids), E 0.4 mg, K 231 mg,B 1 0.08 mg, B 2 0.08 mg, niacin 0.4 mg, B 6 0.02 mg, folate 142 µg,pantothenate 0.9 mg, C 7 mg.endocrine glands Those (ductless) glands that produce andsecrete hormones, including the thyroid gland (secreting thyroxineand tri-iodothyronine), pancreas (insulin andglucagon), adrenal glands (adrenaline, glucocorticoids,mineralocorticoids), ovary and testes (sex steroids). Someendocrine glands respond directly to chemical changes in thebloodstream; others are controlled by hormones secreted by thepituitary gland, under control of the hypothalamus.endomorph In relation to body build, means short and stocky.See also ectomorph; mesomorph.endomysium See muscle.endopeptidases Enzymes that hydrolyse proteins (i.e. proteinasesor peptidases), by cleaving peptide bonds inside protein molecules,as opposed to exopeptidases, which remove amino acids