Benders'dictionary of nutrition and food technology

214gliadin A prolamin, one of the proteins that make up wheatgluten. Allergy to, or intolerance of, gliadin is coeliac disease.globins proteins that are rich in the amino acid histidine (andhence basic), relatively deficient in isoleucine. Often found asthe protein part of conjugated proteins such as haemoglobin.globulins Class of proteins that are heat-coagulatable andsoluble in dilute solutions of salts; they differ from albumins inbeing relatively insoluble in water. They occur in blood (serumglobulins), milk (lactoglobulins) and some plants, e.g. edestinfrom hemp seed and amandin from almonds.glossitis Inflammation of the tongue; may be one of the signs ofriboflavin deficiency.GLP-1 Glucagon-like peptide-1, a peptide hormone secreted bycells of the distal ileum in response to food intake; formed bypost-synthetic modification of proglucagon. Like gip it stimulatesinsulin secretion (hence the higher insulin response to oralthan to intravenous glucose).See also incretins.glucagon Peptide hormone secreted by the α-islet cells of thepancreas. Elevates blood glucose by increasing the breakdownof liver glycogen and stimulating gluconeogenesis.glucagon-like peptide Peptide hormone secreted by the terminalileum; increases secretion of insulin and decreases that ofglucagon.glucans Soluble undigested polysaccharides of glucose; foundparticularly in oats, barley and rye.See also fibre, soluble; non-starch polysaccharides.glucaric acid Or saccharic acid, the dicarboxylic acid derived fromglucose.glucide (gluside) Name occasionally used for saccharin.glucitol Obsolete name for sorbitol.glucoamylase See amylase; debranching enzyme.glucocorticoids The steroid hormones secreted by the adrenalcortex (see adrenal glands), which regulate carbohydratemetabolism.See also corticosteroids.glucokinase An isoenzyme of hexokinase (EC 2.7.1.1), with ahigh K m , found only in liver and β-islet cells of the pancreas. Onetype of a rare form of diabetes mellitus (mody, maturity onsetdiabetes of the young) is due to a genetic defect in glucokinase.glucomannan A polysaccharide consisting of glucose and mannose.gluconeogenesis The synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrateprecursors, such as lactate, pyruvate, glycerol and glucogenicamino acids.