Benders'dictionary of nutrition and food technology

251impingement drying Hot air is blown against the surface of thefood through nozzles; used mainly to remove surface moisturefrom thin sheets of food.improvers, flour See ageing.IMS See immunomagnetic separation.inanition Exhaustion and wasting due to complete lack or nonassimilationof food; a state of starvation.inborn errors of metabolism See genetic disease.incaparina A number of protein-rich dietary supplements developedby the Institute of Nutrition of Central America and Panama(INCAP), based on cottonseed flour, or soya and vegetables, withvarious nutrient supplements, containing 27.5% protein.incidence rate Measure of morbidity based on the number of newepisodes of a disease arising in a population over a given periodof time.See also prevalence rate.incretins Hormones that increase the amount of insulin secretedin response to glucose, reduce glucagon secretion and delaygastric emptying. They may also have actions to improve insulinsensitivity, and they may increase the formation of pancreaticβ-islet cells.See also gip; glp-1; orexins.index of nutritional quality (INQ) An attempt to provide anoverall figure for the nutrient content of a food or diet. The ratioof the amount of the nutrient/1000 kcal : the reference intake/1000 kcal.Indian corn See maize.Indian fig See prickly pear.Indian gum Ghatti gum, polysaccharide exudate from the stemsof Anogeissus latifolia.Indian rice grass Perennial, growing wild in the USA, Oryzopsishymenoides; tolerant to drought. The seeds resemble millet,small, round, dark in colour, covered with white hairs. Traditionallyused by native Americans for flour, now almost exclusivelyfor forage.indigestion Discomfort and distension of the stomach after ameal, also known as dyspepsia, including heartburn. Persistentindigestion may be a symptom of a digestive disorder such ashiatus hernia or peptic ulcer.indigo carmine Blue food colour (E-132), derivative of indigotin,which comes from tropical leguminous plants Indigofera spp.induction Of enzymes; an increase in the total amount of theenzyme protein in a cell as a result of increased transcriptionof DNA, leading to an increased amount of mRNA.See also repression.