Benders'dictionary of nutrition and food technology

407no claim is made. A food may not claim to have a reducedcontent of a nutrient if it is already classified as low in or freefrom that nutrient.reducing sugars sugars that are chemically reducing agents,including glucose, fructose, lactose, many pentoses, but notsucrose.reduction See oxidation.reduction rolls See milling.reference intakes (of nutrients) Amounts of nutrients greaterthan the requirements of almost all members of the population,determined on the basis of the average requirement plus twicethe standard deviation, to allow for individual variation inrequirements, and thus covering the theoretical needs of 97.5%of the population. Reference intakes for energy are based on theaverage requirement, without the allowance for individual variation.Used for planning institutional catering, assessing the adequacyof diets of groups of people, but not strictly applicable toindividuals. Tables of reference intakes published by differentnational and international authorities differ because of differencesin the interpretation of the available data.Variously called in different countries and by different expertcommittees: RDA, the recommended daily (or dietary) amount(or allowance); RDI, recommended daily (or dietary) intake;RNI, reference nutrient intake; PRI, population referenceintake; safe allowances. See Tables 3-6.Levels of intake below that at which health and metabolicintegrity are likely to be maintained are generally taken as theaverage requirement minus twice the standard deviation. Variouslyknown as minimum safe intake (MSI), lower referencenutrient intake (LRNI) or lowest threshold intake.reference man, woman An arbitrary physiological standard;defined as a person aged 25, weighing 65 kg, living in a temperatezone of a mean annual temperature of 10°C. Reference manperforms medium work, with an average daily energy requirementof 13.5 MJ (3200 kcal). Reference woman is engaged ingeneral household duties or light industry, with an average dailyrequirement of 9.7 MJ (2300 kcal).reference nutrient intake, RNI See reference intakes.reference protein See protein, reference.refractive index Measure of the bending or refraction of a beamof light on entering a denser medium (the ratio between the sineof the angle of incidence of the ray of light and the sine of theangle of refraction). It is constant for pure substances under standardconditions. Used as a measure of sugar or total solids insolution, purity of oils, etc.