Benders'dictionary of nutrition and food technology

227Dextran gums: α-d-glucose polymers produced by Leuconostocmesenteroides. Xanthan gum produced by Xanthomonascampestris.gum arabic (gum acacia) Exudate from the stems of Acacia spp.;the best product comes from A. senegal. Used as thickeningagent, as stabiliser, often in combination with other gums, in gumdrops and soft jelly gums and to prevent crystallisation in sugarconfectionery.gumbo (1) American (Creole); soup or stew made from okra,onions, celery and pepper, flavoured with filé powder (powdereddried sassafras leaves), and containing chicken, meat, fish orshellfish.(2) See okra.gum, British Partly hydrolysed starch, dextrin.gum, chewing See chewing gum.gum drops (fruit gums) sugar confectionery based on sucroseand glucose with gum arabic (hard gums) or a mixture of gelatineand gum arabic (soft gums).gum tragacanth Obtained from the trees of Astralagus spp., usedas a stabiliser.gur Mixture of sugar crystals and syrup, brown and toffee-like,made by evaporation of juice of sugar cane; also called jaggery.gustin zinc-containing protein associated with taste acuity.See also hypogeusia; dysgeusia.gut See gastrointestinal tract.Guthrie test Test for a number of genetic diseases (especiallyphenylketonuria) based on measuring the concentrations ofamino acids in a small sample of blood taken by pricking theheel of the child a few days after birth, by biological assay usingmutated bacteria for which the amino acid is a growth factor.Now largely superseded by chromatographic methods.gut sweetbread See pancreas.GYE Guinness yeast extract, see yeast extract.gyle alcohol solution formed in the first stage of vinegar production,6–9% alcohol. Subsequent fermentation with Acetobacterspp. converts the alcohol to acetic acid.HHACCP Hazard analysis of critical control points. A techniquefor identification of stages in a process (e.g. in food manufacture)where there are risks that can be anticipated, assigning a degreeof seriousness and identifying control mechanisms.hachis Minced or chopped mixture of meat and herbs.haddock White fish, Melanogrammus aeglefinus.