Benders'dictionary of nutrition and food technology

159dosa Indian; shallow-fried pancake made from a mixture ofrice and a legume; the dough is left to undergo bacterialfermentation before cooking. The principal bacteria involvedare Leuconostoc mesenteroides and Streptococcus faecalis,introduced with a starter of an earlier batch of fermenteddough.dose–response assessment The relationship between the magnitudeof exposure to a (potential) toxin and the probability ofadverse effects.dosimeter Instrument to measure the dose of irradiation receivedby a food.double Gloucester English hard cheese.double-labelled water Dual isotopically labelled water, containingboth deuterium ( 2 H) and 18 O (i.e. 2 18H 2 O), used in studies ofenergy balance. 2 H is lost from the body only as water, while 18 Ois lost as both water and carbon dioxide; the difference in rate ofloss of the two isotopes from body water permits estimation oftotal carbon dioxide production, and hence energy expenditure,over a period of 7–14 days.See also calorimetry; isotopes.dough cakes A general term to include crumpets, muffins andpikelets, all made from flour, water and milk. The batter is raisedwith yeast and baked on a hot plate or griddle (hence sometimesknown as griddle cakes). Crumpets have sodium bicarbonateadded to the batter; muffins are thick and well aerated, less toughthan crumpets; pikelets are made from thinned crumpet batter.doughnuts Deep fried rings of cake dough or yeast-leaveneddough.dough strengtheners Compounds used to modify starch andgluten, to produce a more stable dough.Douglas bag An inflatable bag for collecting expired air tomeasure the consumption of oxygen and production of carbondioxide, for the measurement of energy expenditure by indirectcalorimetry.See also spirometer.Dowex An ion-exchange resin.DPN (diphosphopyridine nucleotide) Obsolete name for nicotinamideadenine dinucleotide. See nad.dragée French; whole nuts with hard sugar or sugared chocolatecoating. Silver dragées are coated with silver leaf.dried solubles, distiller’s See spent wash.dripping Unbleached and untreated fat from the adipose tissueor bones of sheep or oxen. Also the rendered fat that drips frommeat as it is roasted.drisheen Irish; blood pudding. See black pudding.dropsy Popular name for oedema.